* Staff, The Crime of Genocide in Domestic Laws and Penal Codes, Prevent Genocide International

Before the Great Hunger (" Irish Potato Famine "), in which over a million died and more emigrated, there had been the Penal Laws which had already resulted in significant emigration from Ireland.

In 1402, the English Parliament issued the Penal Laws against Wales, anti-Welsh legislation designed to establish English dominance in Wales, but actually pushing many Welshmen into the rebellion.

Under the Penal Laws no Irish Catholic could sit in the Parliament of Ireland, even though some 90 % of Ireland's population was native Irish Catholic when the first of these bans was introduced in 1691.

Part of the agreement which led to the 1800 Act of Union stipulated that the Penal Laws in Ireland were to be repealed and Catholic Emancipation granted.

* September – Penal Laws against Wales The English Parliament pass the Penal Laws against Wales.

Any Englishman who married a Welsh woman also came under the Penal Laws of 1402.

Leading, ultimately, to the establishment of constitutional monarchy, while also along with the Penal Laws, settle the political and religious turmoil that had convulsed Scotland, England and Ireland in the 17th century.

* Penal Laws ( Ireland )

Prior to the establishment of Glasnevin Cemetery, Irish Catholics had no cemeteries of their own in which to bury their dead and, as the repressive Penal Laws of the eighteenth century placed heavy restrictions on the public performance of Catholic services, it had become normal practice for Catholics to conduct a limited version of their own funeral services in Protestant cemeteries.

As a response to Glyndŵr's rebellion, the English parliament passed the Penal Laws in 1402.

The articles of the Treaty protecting Catholic rights were not passed by the Protestant Irish Parliament but rather updated the Penal Laws against Catholics which had major implications for Irish history.

Taken along with the highly significant Catholic Relief Act 1829 which O ' Connell had also vigorously campaigned for, and which saw amongst other things repeal of the remaining Penal Laws, many of the substantial restrictions on Catholics in the United Kingdom were now lifted.

Catholics and Presbyterians — who together made up a large majority of the Irish population — were completely excluded from public life at this time under the Penal Laws, in force in Ireland from 1691 until the early 1780s.

Under the Penal Laws, which were in force between the 17th and 19th centuries ( though enforced with varying degrees of severity ), Catholic recusants in Britain and Ireland were barred from public office, while Catholics in Ireland were also barred from entry to the University of Dublin and professions such as law, medicine, and the military.

# REDIRECT Penal Laws ( Ireland )

This parliament operated under major restrictions, including Poynings ' Law and the Penal Laws, imposed by the English and British Crown, by the English and British Parliament and by the King-in-Council.

While some of the Penal Laws were much older, they took their most drastic shape during the reign of Charles II.

The Penal Laws were introduced into Ireland in the year 1695 ( having been in use in other countries before this ).

* BBC History Penal Laws in Ireland

The Pro, as it is sometimes called, owes its origins to the anti-Catholic Penal Laws which restricted Catholicism ( and other non-Church of Ireland faiths ) until the early nineteenth century.

The Penal Code is a codification of criminal law and the pivotal legal text, while supplementary laws contains provisions affecting criminal law, such as definitions of new types of crime and law enforcement action.

His Digest of the Penal Laws affecting Roman Catholics is another work.

The Penal Laws, first introduced in the early 17th century, were initially designed to force the native elite to conform to the state church by excluding non-Conformists and Roman Catholics from public office, and restricting land ownership, but were later, starting under Queen Elizabeth, also used to confiscate virtually all Catholic owned land and grant it to Protestant settlers from England and Scotland.

New York Penal Law section 35. 15 effectively ordains that: " A person may ... use DEADLY physical force upon another person " " when and to the extent he reasonably believes such to be NECESSARY to defend himself or a third person from what he reasonably believes to be .... a kidnapping, forcible rape, forcible sodomy or ROBBERY ; or ( c ) ... a burglary ...." There is no duty to retreat under these circumstances.

In Romania, pepper spray is banned on sportive and cultural events, public transportation and entertainment locations ( according to Penal Code 2012, art 372, ( 1 ), c ).

In 1984, under Ordinance XX the government added Section 298 ( c ) into the Penal Code, prohibiting Ahmadis from calling themselves Muslim or posing as Muslims ; from referring to their faith as Islam ; from preaching or propagating their faith ; from inviting others to accept the Ahmadi faith ; and from insulting the religious feelings of Muslims

* Royal Commission on the Working of the Penal Servitude Actc & c ( 1878 )

Under the Model Penal Code, for a defendant to be convicted of attempt requires that they perform a " substantial step in a course of conduct planned to culminate in defendant's commission of the crime " ( MPC 5. 01 ( 1 )( c )).

The Fiji Human Rights Commission submitted that sections 175 ( a ) and ( c ) and 177 of the Fiji Penal Code had become invalid immediately after the 1997 Constitution came into effect.

In its submission, the Commission also stated that sections 175 ( a ) and ( c ) and 177 of the Penal Code were contrary to Section 38 ( 2 ) of the Constitution as it unfairly discriminated on the ground of sexual orientation.

It was a revised version of section 16 of the Offences against the Person Act 1828, incorporating the non-textual amendments made to that section by section 3 of the Substitution of Punishments of Death Act 1841 ( 4 & 5 Vict c 56 ) and section 2 of the Penal Servitude Act 1857.

Section 50 replaced section 17 of the Offences against the Person Act 1828 and the corresponding provision in section 3 of the Substitution of Punishments of Death Act 1841 ( 4 & 5 Vict c 56 ) and incorporated the non-textual amendment made by section 2 of the Penal Servitude Act 1857.

The Indian Penal Code covers the punishments and types of assault in s. 351 through s. 358.

In New York State assault as defined in the New York State Penal Code Article 120, requires an actual injury.

The Indian Penal Code ( sect.

* California Penal Code Section 159: " No person can be convicted of common barratry except upon proof that he has excited suits or proceedings at law in at least three instances, and with a corrupt or malicious intent to vex and annoy.

Members of the band and others in the chain of distribution were charged with violating the California Penal Code on a misdemeanor charge carrying a maximum penalty of up to a year in county jail and a base fine of up to $ 2, 000.

Under Section 377A of the Penal Code, the introduction of the penis into the anus or mouth of another person is considered a " carnal intercourse against the order of nature " and is punishable with imprisonment of 20 years maximum and whipping.

California effected regulations in 2000 that forced gun locks to be approved by a firearm safety device laboratory via California Penal Code Section 12088.

In 1830, the new Penal Code of the Brazilian Empire did not repeat the title XIII of fifth book of the " Ordenações Philipinas ", which made sodomy a crime.

For about the next 10 years, the country saw a steady process of secular Westernization through Atatürk's Reforms, which included the unification of education ; the discontinuation of religious and other titles ; the closure of Islamic courts and the replacement of Islamic canon law with a secular civil code modeled after Switzerland's and a penal code modeled after the Italian Penal Code ; recognition of the equality between the sexes and the granting of full political rights to women on 5 December 1934 ; the language reform initiated by the newly founded Turkish Language Association ; replacement of the Ottoman Turkish alphabet with the new Turkish alphabet derived from the Latin alphabet ; the dress law ( the wearing of a fez, is outlawed ); the law on family names ; and many others.

In Iceland, the hate speech law is not confined to inciting hatred, as one can see from Article 233 a. in the Icelandic Penal Code, but includes simply expressing such hatred publicly:

The Penal Code criminalizes the deliberate promotion by someone of enmity, hatred or ill-will between different racial and religious groups on grounds of race or religion.

Until 2007, the California Penal Code Section 26 stated that " Idiots " were one of six types of people who are not capable of committing crimes.

The Model Penal Code, published by the American Law Institute, provides a standard for legal insanity that serves as a compromise between the strict M ' Naghten Rule, the lenient Durham ruling, and the irresistible impulse test.

* In 2006, the Turkish government prosecuted Fatih Tas, owner of the Aram editorial house, two editors and the translator of the revised ( 2001 ) edition of Manufacturing Consent for " stirring hatred among the public " ( per Article 216 of the Turkish Penal Code ) and for " denigrating the national identity " of Turkey ( per Article 301 ), because that edition ’ s introduction addresses the Turkish news media ’ s reportage of governmental suppression of the Kurdish populace in the 1990s ; they were acquitted.

On the other hand, the California Penal Code allows for perjury to be a capital offense in cases causing wrongful execution.

Tried and convicted of treason for aiding the Maquis Rebellion, Paris was sentenced to serve time in the Federation Penal Settlement near Auckland, New Zealand.

* Gustafson, Mark ( 1997 ) " Inscripta in fronte: Penal Tattooing in Late Antiquity ," in Classical Antiquity, April 1997, Vol.

By the Romanian penal code for theft ( Cod Penal art 228-232 ) ( furt ) a person can face a penalty ranging from 1 to 20 years.