Philo of Alexandria was a Jewish Hellenistic philosopher who was important for connecting the Hebrew Scriptures to Greek thought, and thereby to Greek Christians, who struggled to understand their connection to Jewish history.

Here John adapts the doctrine of the Logos, God's creative principle, from Philo, a 1st-century Hellenized Jew.

To this end Philo chose from philosophical tenets of Greeks, refusing those that did not harmonize with Judaism such as Aristotle's doctrine of the eternity and indestructibility of the world.

The doctrine of the body as the source of all evil corresponds entirely with the Neo-Pythagorean doctrine: the soul he conceives as a divine emanation, similar to Plato's νοῦς (" mind, understanding, reason ") ( see Siegfried, Philo, pp. 139ff ).

With this end in view Philo chose from the philosophical tenets of the Greeks, refusing those that did not harmonize with the Jewish religion, as, e. g., the Aristotelian doctrine of the eternity and indestructibility of the world.

It was difficult to harmonize the doctrine of God's namelessness with the Bible ; and Philo was aided here by his imperfect knowledge of Greek.

But Philo, who was a pious Jew, could not accept the un-Jewish, pagan conception of the world and the irreligious attitude which would have been the logical result of his own system ; and so he accepted the Stoic doctrine of the immanence of God, which led him to statements opposed to those he had previously made.

This doctrine, as worked out by Philo, was composed of very different elements, including Greek philosophy, Biblical conceptions, pagan and late Jewish views.

11 ; these ideas were further developed by later Judaism in the doctrines of the Divine Word creating the world, the divine throne-chariot and its cherub, the divine splendor and its shekinah, and the name of God as well as the names of the angels ; and Philo borrowed from all these in elaborating his doctrine of the Logos.

From Alexandrian theology Philo borrowed the idea of wisdom as the mediator ; he thereby somewhat confused his doctrine of the Logos, regarding wisdom as the higher principle from which the Logos proceeds, and again coordinating it with the latter.

It was Philo who developed the doctrine of the Logos, or Word, and although this Word incarnate dwelt in that very land and in the presence of multitudes revealed himself and demonstrated his divine powers, Philo saw it not.

Whereas Philo had still adhered to the doctrine that there is nothing absolutely certain, Antiochus returned to a pronounced dogmatism.

* His belief that Christ, as Logos, was in some sense created, contrary to John 1 but following Philo.

Philo had adopted the term Logos from Greek philosophy, using it in place of the Hebrew concept of Wisdom ( sophia ) as the intermediary ( angel ) between the transcendent Creator and the material world.

The Jewish philosopher Philo merged these two themes when he described the Logos as God's creator of and mediator with the material world.

The Stoic modification of Heraclitus ' idea of the Logos was also influential on Jewish philosophers such as Philo of Alexandria, who connected it to " Wisdom personified "

For Philo, the Logos was God's " blueprint for the world ", a governing plan.

Philo considers these divine powers in their totality also, treating them as a single independent being, which he designates " Logos ".

But Philo borrowed also Platonic elements in designating the Logos as the " idea of ideas " and the " archetypal idea ".

As the operative principle of the world, to them, the Logos was anima mundi, a concept which later influenced Philo of Alexandria, although he derived the contents of the term from Plato.

Philo ( 20 BC – 50 AD ), a Hellenized Jew, used the term Logos to mean an intermediary divine being, or demiurge.

The Logos was the highest of these intermediary beings, and was called by Philo " the first-born of God.

Philo also wrote that " the Logos of the living God is the bond of everything, holding all things together and binding all the parts, and prevents them from being dissolved and separated.

In particular, the Angel of the Lord in the Hebrew Bible ( Old Testament ) was identified with the Logos by Philo, who also said that the Logos was God's instrument in the creation of the universe.

The Christian concept of the Logos is derived from the first chapter of the Gospel of John, where the Logos ( often translated as “ Word ”) is described in terms that resemble, but likely surpass, the ideas of Philo:

Like Philo, Justin also identified the Logos with the Angel of the Lord, and used this as a way of arguing for Christianity to Jews:

As with Philo the Logos is the original image of man, or the original man, so in the Zohar the heavenly man is the embodiment of all divine manifestations: the Ten Sefirot, the original image of man.

With Philo the original man is an idea ; with Paul He is the pre-existent Logos, incarnate as the man Jesus Christ.

The term " Logos " was used in Greek philosophy ( see Heraclitus ) and in Hellenistic Jewish religious writing ( see Philo Judaeus of Alexandria ) to mean the ultimate ordering principle of the universe.

Using his excellent knowledge of Greek, which was then rare in the West, to his advantage, he studied the Hebrew Bible and Greek authors like Philo, Origen, Athanasius, and Basil of Caesarea, with whom he was also exchanging letters.

This suggestion has been recently repeated by Jerome Murphy-O ' Connor: " It is difficult to imagine that an Alexandrian Jew ... could have escaped the influence of Philo, the great intellectual leader ... particularly since the latter seems to have been especially concerned with education and preaching.

Philo noted that " this class of persons may be met with in many places, for both Greece and barbarian countries want to enjoy whatever is perfectly good.

According to Philo, the visit was met with jeers from the Greek population who saw Agrippa as the king of the Jews.

In this context, Philo wrote that Caligula " regarded the Jews with most especial suspicion, as if they were the only persons who cherished wishes opposed to his ".

The history of Caligula's reign is extremely problematic as only two sources contemporary with Caligula have survived — the works of Philo and Seneca.

Nonetheless, these lost primary sources, along with the works of Seneca and Philo, were the basis of surviving secondary and tertiary histories on Caligula written by the next generations of historians.

His patristic commentaries align closely with Jewish tradition, and he indulges in allegorical and mystical subtleties after the manner of Philo and the Alexandrian school.

It is probably too much to assume a direct connection with Philo of Alexandria in this particular.

and is repeated with embellishments by Philo of Alexandria, Josephus

In 1927, Philo Farnsworth made the world's first working television system with electronic scanning of both the pickup and display devices, which he first demonstrated to the press on 1 September 1928.

Philo is not satisfied with the teleological argument, however.

Philo of Byzantium and Hero of Alexandria knew of the principle that certain substances, notably air, expand and contract and described a demonstration in which a closed tube partially filled with air had its end in a container of water.

He, along with Philo of Byzantium, Strabo, Herodotus and Diodoros of Sicily, is attributed with the list of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, which he described in a poem composed about 140 BC:

Philo argued that a true conditional is one that does not begin with a truth and end with a falsehood.

In July 1945, Harris signed with Philo, a label owned by the brothers Leo and Edward Mesner.

Philo reports that upon reading the letters, Tiberius " wrote to Pilate with a host of reproaches and rebukes for his audacious violation of precedent and bade him at once take down the shields and have them transferred from the capital to Caesarea.

William Card ( 1710 – 1784 ), born in Rhode Island, settled in Pownal perhaps as late as 1773 ( though his sons settled there between 1762 – 1766 ) fought for the British at the Battle of Bennington on 16 August 1777, along with four of his sons: Jonathan ( 1734 – 1818 ), Elisha ( 1738 – 1805 ), Philo ( 1754 – 1837 ) --- NOTE: This is an error ... No Philo Card has been found to exist.

According to H. R. F. Keating, " Later the cousins took a sharper view of the Philo Vance character, Manfred Lee calling him, with typical vehemence, " the biggest prig that ever came down the pike ".

This line-up also played at the Vibe for Philo gig on 4 January 1996, with a number of other notable musicians including Eric Bell, Midge Ure, Henry Rollins, Therapy?