* Pliny Sheffield ( July 31, 1863 through December 21, 1863, Promoted to Lieutenant Colonel )

Bohuslav Balbín ( December 3, 1621 – November 28, 1688 ) was a Czech writer and Jesuit, the " Bohemian Pliny ," whose Vita beatae Joannis Nepomuceni martyris was published in Prague, 1670,

— Pliny the Elder, Natural history, Book 6, Chap 21

Seneca the Younger refers to " adulterers admitted in droves "; Pliny the Elder calls her an “ exemplum licentiae ” ( NH 21. 9 ).

About 1863, after completing his translations of Hippocrates and his Pliny, he set to work in earnest on his great French dictionary.

Pliny adds that it has no nights at midsummer when the sun is passing through the sign of the crab ( summer solstice ), a reaffirmation that it is on the Arctic Circle.

Expressing surprise at the ignorance of the poets, Pliny says " There can be no doubt that amber is the product of the islands of the northern ocean ( Baltic Sea )" and attributes its introduction into the Po valley to the Veneti, the last link in a trade route to the north through Pannonia and Germany.

According to Pliny the Elder, Necho's extension to the canal was approximately 57 English miles, equal to the total distance between Bubastis and the Great Bitter Lake, allowing for winding through valleys that it had to pass through.

He appears to be known to Pliny the Elder through his description of constructing mosaics in Naturalis Historia.

Pliny was considered an honest and moderate man, consistent in his pursuit of suspected Christian members according to Roman law, and rose through a series of Imperial civil and military offices, the cursus honorum ( see below ).

The account which Pliny gives of it is that Agoracritus contended with Alcamenes ( another distinguished disciple of Phidias ) in making a statue of Venus ; and that the Athenians, through an undue partiality towards their countryman, awarded the victory to Alcamenes.

Seleucus obtained knowledge of most of northern India, as explained by Pliny the Elder through his numerous embassies to the Mauryan Empire:

According to Roman authors such as Pliny the Elder, even through the classical period, Harran maintained an important position in the economic life of Northern Mesopotamia.

In 334 BC the city regained its freedom through Alexander the Great who, according to Pliny ( HN 5. 116 ) and Pausanias ( 2. 1. 5 ), planned to cut a canal through the peninsula of Erythrae to connect Teos bay with the gulf of Smyrna.

Authors of antiquity, such as Horace and Pliny, were major influences on 18th century thinkers through their descriptions of their own gardens, with alleys shaded by trees, parterres, topiary, and fountains.

", and Pliny writes of Lucullus cutting a channel through a mountain on his Naples estate to allow seawater to circulate in his fishpond, which recalled the channel that had been cut through the isthmus at Mount Athos by the Persian king.

Pliny described it as follows: " The jaculus darts from the branches of trees ; and it is not only to our feet that the serpent is formidable, for these fly through the air even, just as though they were hurled from an engine.

Histor's ability to transport himself and Pliny through time (" as the crow flies ") to view past events would be used to satirise current affairs, and the script would be peppered with deliberately weak but dense nautical-and bird-related multiple puns, which would increase in volume and weakness as the series progressed.

Pliny complained of the declining state of Roman portrait art, " The painting of portraits which used to transmit through the ages the accurate likenesses of people, has entirely gone out ... Indolence has destroyed the arts.

Pliny the Younger provided an account of his death, and suggested that he collapsed and died through inhaling poisonous gases emitted from the volcano.

Pliny requested that Marcellus make Suetonius a tribune in Britain and although Suetonius eventually declined the post, the story does indicate that Marcellus was able to make military appointments easily through the network of patronage and apparently without consulting the army.

Tacitus's contemporaries were well-acquainted with his work ; Pliny the Younger, one of his first admirers, congratulated him for his better-than-usual precision and predicted that his Histories would be immortal: only a third of his known work has survived and then through a very tenuous textual tradition ; we depend on a single manuscript for books I-VI of the Annales and on another one for the other surviving half ( books XI-XVI ) and for the five books extant of the Historiae.

Some 20th-century scholars, including the American etymologist Kemp Malone ( 1889 – 1971 ), have argued that the reason for the differences between Pliny, Tacitus and Ptolemy when it comes to names and tribes is that their informants came from different regions, mainly familiar with the parts of Scandinavia closest to their own location: " The name Scadinavia ( with its variant forms ) reached the classical world through western sources, and [...] Tacitus, whose information about the North came from the east, knows nothing of the name, in contradistinction to Pliny, who got his information from the west.

* The History of Pliny the Elder ( s07 ep25-March 28, 1957 ):

The Vestal Tuccia was celebrated in Pliny the Elder's Natural History ( 28: 12 ) and Petrarch's Triumph of Chastity.

In book 28, chapter 51, Pliny writes:

* 1864 Pliny Earle Chase

She was a beautiful and reputable woman and according to Pliny the Elder, she had a double canine in her upper right jaw, a sign of good fortune.

< div align = right >-- Pliny the Elder.

Pliny, in his Natural History, recounts how Famulus went for only a few hours each day to the Golden House, to work while the light was right.

Pliny ( VIII. 72-73 ) also writes of another hyena-like creature, the leucrocotta, which he calls " the swiftest of all beasts, about the size of an ass, with a stag's haunches, a lion's neck, tail and breast, badger's head, cloven hoof, mouth opening right back to the ears, and ridges of bone in place of rows of teeth — this animal is reported to imitate the voices of human beings.

Pliny the Elder also recorded that a Roman general who had his arm cut off had an iron one made to hold his shield up when he returned to battle.

The drying up and disappearance of the Pelusian arm of the Nile led Biblical commentators to identify the Rhinocurara of the Septuagint ( the " Brook of Egypt ") with the Wadi El-Arish which provides water to El-Arish identified with the coastal Rhinocolura of Pliny and Josephus.

Pliny is presenting an archaic view, as in his time amber was a precious stone brought from the Baltic at great expense, but the Germans, he says, use it for firewood, according to Pytheas.

Composting as a recognized practice dates to at least the early Roman Empire since Pliny the Elder ( AD 23-79 ).

Also in Roman times, some Essenes settled on the Dead Sea's western shore ; Pliny the Elder identifies their location with the words, " on the west side of the Dead Sea, away from the coast ... the town of Engeda " ( Natural History, Bk 5. 73 ); and it is therefore a hugely popular but contested hypothesis today, that same Essenes are identical with the settlers at Qumran and that " the Dead Sea Scrolls " discovered during the 20th century in the nearby caves had been their own library.

Although his work has been criticized for the lack of candor in checking the " facts ", some of his text has been confirmed by recent research, like the spectacular remains of Roman gold mines in Spain, especially at Las Medulas, which Pliny probably saw in operation while a Procurator there a few years before he compiled the encyclopedia.

Some modern scholars and archaeologists have argued that Essenes inhabited the settlement at Qumran, a plateau in the Judean Desert along the Dead Sea, citing Pliny the Elder in support, and giving credence that the Dead Sea Scrolls are the product of the Essenes.

In another example, believing the black rock of the Schlossberg at Stolpen to be the same as Pliny the Elder's basalt, Agricola applied this name to it, and thus originated a petrological term which has been permanently incorporated in the vocabulary of science.

Libraries were amenities suited to a villa, such as Cicero's at Tusculum, Maecenas's several villas, or Pliny the Younger's, all described in surviving letters.

Pliny the Elder, an imperial Roman polymath, states that the games at Lykaion were the first to introduce gymnastic competition.

Pliny is presenting an archaic view, as in his time amber was a precious stone brought from the Baltic at great expense, but the Germans, he says, use it for firewood, according to Pytheas.

The Roman fleet based at Misenum, commanded by Pliny the Elder, evacuates refugees but he dies after inhaling volcanic fumes.

Its cultivation spread into the Mediterranean world by way of Iran from Syria: Pliny in his Natural History asserts that pistacia, " well known among us ," was one of the trees unique to Syria, and in another place, that the nut was introduced into Italy by the Roman consul in Syria, Lucius Vitellius the Elder ( consul in Syria in 35 AD ) and into Hispania at the same time by Flaccus Pompeius.

Agricola applied " basalt " to the volcanic black rock of the Schlossberg ( local castle hill ) at Stolpen, believing it to be the same as Pliny the Elder's " very hard stone ".

Pliny the Elder considered the turnip one of the most important vegetables of his day, rating it " directly after cereals or at all events after the bean, since its utility surpasses that of any other plant.

Crassus's wealth is estimated by Pliny at approximately 200 million sestertii.

Pliny's father died at an early age when his son was still young ; as a result, Pliny probably lived with his mother.

After being first tutored at home, Pliny went to Rome for further education.

It was at this time that Pliny became closer to his uncle Pliny the Elder.

Pliny the Younger married three times, firstly when he was very young, about eighteen, to a stepdaughter of Veccius Proculus, of whom he became a widower at age 37, secondly to the daughter of Pompeia Celerina, at an unknown date and thirdly to Calpurnia, daughter of Calpurnius and granddaughter of Calpurnus Fabatus of Comum.

The very first written definition / discussion of volcanisim ( Effusive eruption ) observed at Katakekaumenē ( modern Kula, Western Turkey ) until Pliny the Younger witnessed to the eruption of Vesuvius on 24 August 79 ADPompeii

According to the historian Pliny the Elder, the craftsmen decided to stay and finish the work after the death of their patron " considering that it was at once a memorial of his own fame and of the sculptor's art.

There is some discrepancy as to the people to which it belonged at contact: Pliny expressly assigns it to the Hirpini ; but Livy certainly seems to consider it as belonging to the Samnites proper, as distinguished from the Hirpini ; and Ptolemy adopts the same view.