Apollo's role as the slayer of the Python led to his association with battle and victory ; hence it became the Roman custom for a paean to be sung by an army on the march and before entering into battle, when a fleet left the harbour, and also after a victory had been won.

Alfred's military reorganisation of Wessex consisted of three elements: the building of thirty fortified and garrisoned towns ( burhs ) along the rivers and Roman roads of Wessex ; the creation of a mobile ( horsed ) field force, consisting of his nobles and their warrior retainers, which was divided into two contingents, one of which was always in the field ; and the enhancement of Wessex's seapower through the addition of larger ships to the existing royal fleet.

The Roman fleet was supposedly incinerated, though eventually the city was taken and Archimedes was slain.

Among ancient sources, the poet Simonides, another near-contemporary, says the campaign force numbered 200, 000 ; while a later writer, the Roman Cornelius Nepos estimates 200, 000 infantry and 10, 000 cavalry, of which only 100, 000 fought in the battle, while the rest were loaded into the fleet that was rounding Cape Sounion ; Plutarch and Pausanias both independently give 300, 000, as does the Suda dictionary.

The first major Roman fleet was constructed after the victory of Agrigentum in 261 BC.

In order to initiate its invasion of Africa, the Roman Republic constructed a major fleet, comprising transports for the army and its equipment, and warships for protection.

Although the Romans defeated the Carthaginian fleet and were successful in rescuing its army in Africa, a storm destroyed nearly the entire Roman fleet on the trip home ; the number of casualties in the disaster may have exceeded 90, 000 men.

The Roman fleet was defeated by the Carthaginians at Drepana, forcing the Romans to continue their attacks from land.

Perhaps in response to Hamilcar's raids, Rome did build another fleet paid for with donations from wealthy citizens and it was that fleet which rendered the Carthaginian success in Sicily futile, as the stalemate Hamilcar produced in Sicily became irrelevant following the Roman naval victory at the Battle of the Aegates Islands in 241 BC, where the new Roman fleet under consul Gaius Lutatius Catulus was victorious over an undermanned and hastily built Carthaginian fleet.

The Roman survivors are evacuated by a fleet to be destroyed soon afterwards, on their way back to Sicily.

* 254 BC: A new fleet of 140 Roman ships is constructed to substitute the one lost in the storm and a new army is levied.

Part of their fleet was wrecked, either because of the Gothic inexperience in sailing through the violent currents of the Propontis or because it was defeated by the Roman navy.

Despite mutual admiration, negotiations foundered due to Roman allegations of " Punic Faith ," referring to the breach of protocols that ended the First Punic War by the Carthaginian attack on Saguntum, and a Carthaginan attack on a stranded Roman fleet.

Its long-suffering citizens had captured a stranded Roman fleet in the Gulf of Tunis and stripped it of supplies, an action that aggravated the faltering negotiations.

The principle of the parabolic reflector may have been discovered in the 3rd century BC by the geometer Archimedes, who, according to a legend of debatable veracity, constructed parabolic mirrors to defend Syracuse against the Roman fleet, by concentrating the sun's rays to set fire to the decks of the Roman ships.

Although he was not an innovator, he would not follow the absolute letter of the law ; rather he was driven by concerns over humanity and equality, and introduced into Roman law many important new principles based upon this notion.

Coin of Alfred, king of Wessex, London, 880 ( based upon a Roman model ). Obv: King with royal band in profile, with legend: ÆLFRED REX " King Ælfred ".

" At that time ( 1909 ) the Roman Martyrology had the following text: This entry was based on what the Catholic Encyclopedia called later legends that confound the relative positions of Felix and Liberius.

It was later calculated ( from the historical record of the succession of Roman consuls ) that the year 1 AD corresponds to the Roman year DCCLIV ab urbe condita, based on Varro's epoch.

Category: Plays based on Greek and Roman plays

The Roman epic The Eagle, based on the 1954 novel The Eagle of the Ninth by Rosemary Sutcliff, was filmed on location in Achiltibuie for a week in October 2009.

The Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox receive several additional books in to their canons based upon their presence in manuscripts of the ancient translation of the Old Testament in to Greek, the Septuagint ( although some of these books, such as Sirach and Tobit, are now known to be extant in Hebrew or Aramaic originals, being found amongst the Dead Sea Scrolls ).

St. Sava's Nomocanon was the compilation of Civil law, based on Roman Law and Canon law, based on Ecumenical Councils and its basic purpose was to organize functioning of the young Serbian kingdom and the Serbian church.

Coupled with the more diffuse political structure based on smaller feudal units, various legal traditions emerged, remaining more strongly rooted in Roman jurisprudence, but modified to meet the prevailing political climate.

One of Claudius's investigators discovered that many old Roman citizens based in the modern city of Trento were not in fact citizens.

In the Roman Church, positive ecclesiastical laws, based upon either immutable divine and natural law, or changeable circumstantial and merely positive law, derive formal authority and promulgation from the office of pope, who as Supreme Pontiff possesses the totality of legislative, executive, and judicial power in his person.

In 1978, British comic 2000AD ran a Judge Dredd comic strip featuring Chief Judge Cal, loosely based on the real life Roman emperor.

The growth of canon law in the Ecclesiastical Courts was based on the underlying Roman law and increased the strength of the Roman Pontiff.

Geoffrey's description of Caerleon is probably based on his personal familiarity with the town and its impressive Roman ruins ; it is less clear that Caerleon was associated with Arthur before Geoffrey.

Decimal notation often refers to a base-10 positional notation such as the Hindu-Arabic numeral system ; however, it can also be used more generally to refer to non-positional systems such as Roman or Chinese numerals which are also based on powers of ten.

Readings from the deuterocanonical books are now included in most, if not all, of the modern lectionaries in the Anglican Communion, based on the Revised Common Lectionary ( in turn based on the post-conciliar Roman Catholic lectionary ).

Although Jews were heavily taxed, no contemporary authors mention trials or executions based on religious offenses other than those within the Roman religion.

The immediate author of the theory was Jean Bodin, who based it on the interpretation of Roman law.

Some of the symbolism within the coronation ceremony for British monarchs, in which they are anointed with holy oils by the Archbishop of Canterbury, thereby ordaining them to monarchy, perpetuates the ancient Roman Catholic monarchical ideas and ceremonial ( although few Protestants realize this, the ceremony is nearly entirely based upon that of the Coronation of the Holy Roman Emperor ).

Roman coinage later supplanted Etruscan, but the basic Roman coin, the sesterce, is believed to have been based on the 2. 5 denomination Etruscan coin.

But beginning, for all practical purposes, with Frederick Seebohm's English Village Community scholars have had to reckon with a theory involving institutional and agrarian continuity between Roman and Anglo-Saxon times which is completely at odds with the reigning concept of the Anglo-Saxon invasions.

`` There had been a threesome at the party in the suite's bedroom: Miss Harrington ( this was Diane's choice for a Roman name ), another woman who has figured in other very interesting events and one of your well-known American actors.

Giovanni Bernini's `` Fountain of the Rivers '', in the center of the piazza, is built around a Roman obelisk from the Circus of Maxentius which rests on grottoes and rocks, with four huge figures, one at each corner, denoting four great rivers from different continents -- the Danube, the Ganges, the Nile, and the Plate.

They looked at the ruins of the old Roman wall on the lower Via Veneto, then they went to the Farnese Gardens.

Most historians, including Edward Gibbon, date the defeat at Manzikert as the beginning of the end of the Eastern Roman Empire.

With a membership currently estimated at over 85 million members worldwide, the Anglican Communion is the third largest Christian communion in the world, after the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Churches.

The Roman Catholic celebration is associated with the doctrine that the souls of the faithful who at death have not been cleansed from the temporal punishment due to venial sins and from attachment to mortal sins cannot immediately attain the beatific vision in heaven, and that they may be helped to do so by prayer and by the sacrifice of the Mass.

Despite popular opinion, Limbo, which was elaborated upon by theologians beginning in the Middle Ages, never entered into the teaching of the Roman Catholic Church, yet, at times, the church incorporated the theory in its ordinary belief.

However, to minimize the extent of the movement ignores the facts that at least two Roman emperors, Constantius II and Valens, became Arians, as did prominent Gothic, Vandal and Lombard warlords both before and after the fall of the Western Roman Empire.

One modern scholar has written " It is almost certain not only that at no time in his life did he ever see, let alone command, a Roman army, but that, throughout the twenty-three years of his reign, he never went within five hundred miles of a legion ".

Although only one of his four children survived to adulthood, Antoninus came to be ancestor to generations of prominent Roman statesmen and socialites, including at least one empress consort.

Following their victory at Phillipi, the Triumvirate divided the Roman Republic between themselves and ruled as military dictators.

He was born at Ox Head, a small property on the Palatine Hill, very close to the Roman Forum.

Theodosius was threatened with excommunication by Ambrose for the massacre of 7, 000 persons at Thessalonica in 390, after the murder of the Roman governor there by rioters.

Soon after acquiring the undisputed possession of the Roman empire, Theodosius died at Milan in 395, and two years later ( April 4, 397 ) Ambrose also died.

However, this was not successful, for according to Gregory of Tours, Amalaric pressured her to forsake her Roman Catholic faith and convert to Arian Christianity, at one point beating her until she bled ; she sent to her brother Childebert I, king of Paris a towel stained with her own blood.

Following up the Rhine one comes to a town, Mattiacum, which must be at the border of the Roman Germany ( vicinity of Wiesbaden ).

When the Gothic campaign ended in Roman victory at the Battle of Naissus in September, Gallienus ' successor Claudius II Gothicus turned north to deal with the Alemanni, who were swarming over all Italy north of the Po River.

* 357 – Battle of Strasbourg: Julian, Caesar ( deputy emperor ) and supreme commander of the Roman army in Gaul, wins an important victory against the Alemanni at Strasbourg ( Argentoratum ).

No larger settlements, however, have been found to have existed in this remote rural area, located at least 15 km from the nearest road even in Roman times, up to the early medieval period when the place is mentioned as a king's mansion for the first time, not long before Charlemagne became ruler of the Germanic Franks.

Since Roman times, the hot springs at Aachen have been channelled into baths.

After Roman times, Einhard mentions that in 765 – 6 Pippin the Younger spent both Christmas and Easter at Aquis villa (""), which must have been sufficiently equipped to support the royal household for several months.

A marriage of sorts is arranged between Dido and Aeneas at the instigation of Juno, who was told of the fact that her favorite city would eventually be defeated by the Trojans ' descendants, and Aeneas's mother Venus ( the Roman adaptation of Aphrodite ), who realizes that her son and his company need a temporary reprieve to reinforce themselves for the journey to come.

Their children were born at various places throughout the Roman Empire and Agrippina acquired a well-deserved reputation for successful childbearing.