The Holy See accepts as valid the ordinations of the Old Catholics in communion with Utrecht, as well as the Polish National Catholic Church ( which received its orders directly from Utrecht, and was — until recently — part of that communion ); but Roman Catholicism does not recognise the orders of any group whose teaching is at variance with what they consider the core tenets of Christianity ; this is the case even though the clergy of the Independent Catholic groups may use the proper ordination ritual.

Solidarity (, pronounced ; full name: Independent Self-governing Trade Union " Solidarity " – Niezależny Samorządny Związek Zawodowy " Solidarność " ) is a Polish trade union federation that emerged on 31 August 1980 at the Gdańsk Shipyard under the leadership of Lech Wałęsa.

In World War II, during Operation Market Garden ( September 1944 ), the British 1st Airborne Division and the Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade were given the task of securing the bridge at Arnhem.

Comet envisioned using the 1st Airborne Division, along with the Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade, to secure several bridges over the River Rhine to aid the Allied advance into the North German Plain.

The Divisional Headquarters for the 1st Airborne Division, with the 1st Airlanding Brigade and the Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade were to land at Nijmegen, 1st Parachute Brigade was to land at Arnhem, and 4th Parachute Brigade was to land at Grave.

The 82nd Airborne Division, under Brigadier General James M. Gavin, would drop northeast of them to take the bridges at Grave and Nijmegen and the British 1st Airborne Division, under Major-General Roy Urquhart, with the Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade, under Brigadier General Stanisław Sosabowski, attached would drop at the extreme north end of the route, capturing the road bridge at Arnhem and the rail bridge at Oosterbeek.

These were the British 1st Airborne Division, the US 82nd Airborne Division and 101st Airborne Division, as well as the Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade.

Farthest north, the British 1st Airborne Division, supported by men of the Glider Pilot Regiment and the Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade, landed at Arnhem to secure bridges across the Nederrijn.

Montgomery's plan involved dropping the U. S. 101st Airborne Division to capture key bridges around Eindhoven, the 82nd Airborne Division to secure key crossings around Nijmegen, and the British 1st Airborne Division, with the Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade attached, to capture three bridges across the Rhine at Arnhem.

Urquhart also had the 1st Independent Polish Brigade under his command, who would also be joining the British in the operation to seize the bridges.

The Polish Armed Forces used Independent Operational Group's in the place of the Corps before and during World War Two.

American paratroops were dropped at intermediate points north of Allied lines, with the British 1st Airborne Division and Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade at the tip of the salient at Arnhem.

Finally, between 21 April and 26 April, Exercise ' Mush ' utilised approximately 700 aircraft to deploy the 1st Airborne Division and the Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade against the 6th Airborne Division, who moved by road, in a simulation of a full-scale airborne operation.

It was formed in 1942 of the Polish Independent Carpathian Brigade and the forces of General Władysław Anders ' 2nd Polish Corps evacuated from the USSR.

After the battle, Browning was awarded the Order of Polonia Restituta ( II class ) by the Polish government-in-exile, but his critical evaluation of the contribution of Polish forces led to the removal of Polish Major-General Stanisław Sosabowski as the commanding officer of the Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade.

In late September of that year, it was one of centers of Polish resistance, with units of Independent Operational Group Polesie stationed here for some time.

They were later reinforced and replaced by the British 70th Infantry Division, Polish Independent Carpathian Rifle Brigade, a Czechoslovak battalion and a British tank brigade.

There the Division ended the war and was joined by the Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade.

* 1st Polish Independent HMG Squadron ( samodzielna kompania ckm.

*** 2nd Motorised Independent Polish Commando Company

Failure by the XXX Corps to arrive at the Arnhem bridge as planned caused most of the 1st Airborne Division to either die fighting, surrender, or withdraw to the Polish 1st Independent Brigade positions, and effectively ended the offensive of operation GARDEN.

Lviv is located on the edge of the Roztochia Upland, approximately 70 km from the Polish border and from the eastern Carpathian Mountains.

The Tatra Mountains, Tatras or Tatra ( Tatry either in Polish and in Slovak-plurale tantum, Tátra in Hungarian ), are a mountain range which forms a natural border between Slovakia and Poland, and are the highest mountain range in the Carpathian Mountains.

Auchinleck arranged for the 18th Infantry Brigade to be relieved by the Polish Carpathian Brigade so that it could rejoin the 7th Division in August but baulked at relieving the 9th Division.

The Polish 3rd Carpathian Rifle Division (, sometimes translated as 3rd Carpathian Infantry Division ), also commonly known as Christmas Tree Division due to the characteristic emblem, was an Allied unit fighting during World War II on the Italian Front.

In 955 those areas north of the Carpathian Mountains constituted an autonomous part of the Duchy of Bohemia and remained so until around 972, when the first Polish ( western Polans ) territorial claims began to emerge.

The 3rd Carpathian Division was formed in the Middle East from smaller Polish units fighting in Egypt and Tobruk, as well as the Polish Army in the East that was evacuated from the USSR through the Persian Corridor.

From there the troops were moved to British Mandate of Palestine, where they joined forces with the 3rd Carpathian Division which was composed mostly of Polish soldiers who had managed to escape to French Lebanon through Romania and Hungary after the Polish Defensive War of 1939.

Emblem of the Polish 3rd Carpathian Rifle Division

* Polish 3rd Carpathian Infantry Division CO: Maj. Gen.

On 21 April, Bologna was entered by the Polish 3rd Carpathian Rifle Division, the Italian Friuli Group ( both from Eighth Army ) and the U. S. 34th Infantry Division ( from Fifth Army ).

Juraj Jánošík ( in Polish Jerzy Janosik first name also Juro or Jurko, ;, ; baptised January 25, 1688, died March 17, 1713 ) was a famous Slovak Carpathian Highwayman.

On the coast, Leese had the Polish II Corps with 5th Kresowa Division in the front line and the 3rd Carpathian Division in reserve.

After World War II, large numbers of displaced persons migrated from Poland to Australia, including soldiers from the Polish Independent Carpathian Brigade ( the " Rats of Tobruk ").

* Polish 3rd Carpathian Rifle Division ( Polish Armed Forces in the West )

On 18 May, the 12th Podolski Lancers, a Polish Unit from 3rd Carpathian Infantry Division, took the monastery, which it found deserted, save for some remaining wounded soldiers.

Backpacking in the Beskids | Beskid Niski mountains, in the Poland | Polish part of the Carpathian Mountains

In mid-March 1939, Adolf Hitler gave Hungary permission to occupy the rest of Carpathian Rus, north up to the Polish border, thus creating a common Hungarian-Polish border, as had existed prior to the 18th-century Partitions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

Combat was a series of small-unit actions among the Czechoslovak Legion, the Polish 5th Rifle Division, and the pro-Bolshevik Red Latvian Riflemen and others.

On the other hand, the German advance was halted long enough to allow the withdrawal of Polish 1st Rifle battalion and National Defence battalion Czersk from the nearby battle of Chojnice.

He was the patron of the 1st Regiment of the Polish 5th Rifle Division, and of the 1st Division of the Polish 1st Army.

Kolchak had also aroused the dislike of potential allies including the Czechoslovak Legion and the Polish 5th Rifle Division.

Category: Polish Rifle Squads members

On Mondays during the football season, ESPN analyst Ron Jaworski, a former Philadelphia Eagles quarterback ( a. k. a. " Jaws " and " the Polish Rifle "-the latter usually rendered in a Howard Cosell-like voice ), is usually the guest, to offer analysis of the previous day's games and a prediction for the Monday Night Football game that night.

Polish self-propelled anti-aircraft guns of the 10th Mounted Rifle Regiment near Caen at the beginning of the Battle of Falaise | Falaise operation.

* 8th Polish Rifle Battalion ( 8 battalion strzelców )-Lt. Col.

* 9th Polish Rifle Battalion ( 9 battalion strzelców flandryjskich )-Lt. Col.

* 10th Polish Mounted Rifle Regiment ( 10 pułk strzelców konnych ) ( amoured reconnaissance equipped with Cromwell tanks )-Maj. J. Maciejowski

He protested the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and continued to fight the Russians with his II Brigade of the Polish Legions ( later, the 4th and 5th Rifle Divisions of the Polish II Corps ).

Haller was one of the founders of this formation which is a combination of Falcon's Drużyny Polowe ( Fields Brigades ), Drużyny Bartoszowe ( Bartosz Brigades ) and the Polskie Drużyny Strzeleckie ( Polish Rifle Squads ).

He was ranked commander of a newly formed Polish 5th Siberian Rifle Division.

* Polish 5th Rifle Division

Nicknamed " The Polish Rifle ", or the " Polish Cannon ", Jaworski was able to showcase his skills as a quarterback for the pass-oriented offense of the Penguins, earning a selection in the Senior Bowl.