Her mother and father, Cleopatra V and Ptolemy XII, had also been brother and sister.

* 196 BC – Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt.

The Rosetta Stone is an ancient Egyptian granodiorite stele inscribed with a decree issued at Memphis in 196 BC on behalf of King Ptolemy V. The decree appears in three scripts: the upper text is Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs, the middle portion Demotic script, and the lowest Ancient Greek.

The stele was erected after the coronation of King Ptolemy V, and was inscribed with a decree that established the divine cult of the new ruler.

The year is stated as the ninth year of Ptolemy V's reign ( equated with 197 / 196 BC ), and it is confirmed by naming four priests who officiated in that same year: Aëtus son of Aëtus was priest of the divine cults of Alexander the Great and the five Ptolemies down to Ptolemy V himself ; his three colleagues, named in turn in the inscription, led the worship of Berenice Euergetis ( wife of Ptolemy III ), Arsinoe Philadelpha ( wife and sister of Ptolemy II ) and Arsinoe Philopator, mother of Ptolemy V. However, a second date is also given in the Greek and hieroglyphic texts, corresponding to, the official anniversary of Ptolemy's coronation.

Ptolemy V Epiphanes ( reigned 204 – 181 BC ), son of Ptolemy IV Philopator and his wife and sister Arsinoe, had become ruler at the age of five after the sudden death of both of his parents, murdered, according to contemporary sources, in a conspiracy that involved Ptolemy IV's mistress Agathoclea.

Both the war and the internal revolt were still ongoing when the young Ptolemy V was officially crowned at Memphis at the age of 12 ( seven years after the start of his reign ), and the Memphis decree issued.

The decree records that Ptolemy V gave a gift of silver and grain to the temples.

Antiochus and Philip V of Macedon then made a pact to divide the Ptolemaic possessions outside of Egypt, and in the Fifth Syrian War, the Seleucids ousted Ptolemy V from control of Coele-Syria.

The Rosetta Stone, a tax concession issued by Ptolemy V in 196 BC and written in three languages " led to the most famous decipherment in history — the cracking of hieroglyphics ".

** Ptolemy V Epiphanes ( 204 BC – 180 BC ) and his wife Cleopatra I

* The Egyptian boy king, Ptolemy V, is encouraged by a mob clamouring for revenge against the murderers of his mother Arsinoe III to agree to Agathocles being killed.

** Cleopatra I Syra, queen of Egypt from 193 BC, wife of Ptolemy V Epiphanes and regent for her young son, Ptolemy VI Philometor ( b. c. 204 BC )

* 181 BC – Ptolemy V Epiphanes, Ptolemaic dynasty ruler of Egypt who has reigned from 204 BC

The translation of the Greek passage reveals that the inscription is a royal edict recording the benefits conferred on Egypt by the pharaoh Ptolemy V Epiphanes at the time of his coronation.

* Cleopatra I Syra, daughter of Antiochus III and Laodice, marries the Egyptian King Ptolemy V Epiphanes.

* Arsinoe III, wife and sister of King Ptolemy IV gives birth to the future Ptolemy V Epiphanes.

* Queen Cleopatra I is appointed Vizier ( Chief Minister ) to the King Ptolemy V Epiphanes.

Other well-known examples are the Memphis Stele ( Memphis Stone ), bearing the Decree of Memphis, about 218 BC, passed by his son, Ptolemy IV, and the famous Rosetta Stone erected by Ptolemy Epiphanes, his grandson, in 196 BC.

* The Seleucid king Demetrius I Soter's relations with Attalus II Philadelphus of Pergamum and Ptolemy VI Philometor of Egypt deteriorate to the point where they support a rival claimant to the Syrian throne, Alexander Balas, who claims to be the son of the former Seleucid king Antiochus IV Epiphanes and, therefore, a first cousin of Demetrius.

* With the guardians of the young king Ptolemy VI Philometor demanding the return of Coele-Syria to Egyptian control, the Seleucid king, Antiochus IV Epiphanes, decides on a preemptive strike against Egypt and invades the country, conquering all but the city of Alexandria.

* Cleopatra I Syra, queen of Egypt from 193 BC, wife of Ptolemy V Epiphanes and regent for her young son, Ptolemy VI Philometor ( b. c. 204 BC )

* Ptolemy V Epiphanes, Ptolemaic dynasty ruler of Egypt who has reigned from 204 BC

Following the conquest of Judea by Alexander the Great, it became part of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt until 200 BCE, when King Antiochus III the Great of Syria defeated King Ptolemy V Epiphanes of Egypt at the Battle of Panion.

Ptolemy V Epiphanes (, Ptolemaĩos Epiphanḗs, reigned 204 – 181 BC ), son of Ptolemy IV Philopator and Arsinoe III of Egypt, was the fifth ruler of the Ptolemaic dynasty.

Ptolemy Epiphanes was only a small boy when his father, Ptolemy Philopator, died.

In 205 / 204 BC the infant Ptolemy V Epiphanes succeeded to the Egyptian throne, and Antiochus is said ( notably by Polybios ) to have concluded a secret pact with Philip V of Macedon for the partition of the Ptolemaic possessions.

** Ptolemy IV Philopater ( 222 BC – 204 BC ) and his wife Arsinoe III

* Arsinoe III, queen of Egypt from 220 BC, daughter of Ptolemy III and Berenice II ( d. 204 BC )

She was the mother of Ptolemy V. In summer, 204 BC she was murdered in a palace coup, shortly after her husband's own death.

3 Maccabees describes an attempt by Ptolemy IV Philopator ( ruled 221 – 204 BC ) to enslave and brand Egypt's Jews with the symbol of Dionysus.

In 204 King Ptolemy IV Philopator of Egypt died, leaving the throne to his six-year old son Ptolemy V. Philip V of Macedon and Antiochus the Great of the Seleucid Empire decided to exploit the weakness of the young king by taking Ptolemaic territory for themselves and they signed a secret pact defining spheres of interest.

* Ptolemy V Epiphanes ( reigned 204 – 181 BC ), ruler of the Ptolemaic dynasty

Eventually, Ptolemy IV ( r. 221 – 204 BC ) built a " forty " ( tessarakonteres ) that was 128 m long, required 4, 000 rowers and 400 other crew, and could support a force of 3, 000 marines on its decks.

It is not improbable he may have been the father of Sosibius, minister of Ptolemy Philopator ( 221 – 204 BC ).

He survived both his brother Ptolemy III Euergetes ( 246 – 221 BC ), and his nephew, Ptolemy IV Philopator ( 221 – 204 BC ); but was put to death by Sosibius, the minister and guardian of Ptolemy Epiphanes ( 204 – 181 BC ).

However, no Hermunduri appear in Ptolemy, though after the time of Ptolemy the Hermunduri joined with the Marcomanni in the wars of 166 – 180 against the empire.

* Ptolemy Dynasty: Affiliated Lines – Agathocles

* 1149 – Pope Eugene III takes refuge in the castle of Ptolemy II of Tusculum.

* Cleopatra Selene I ( c. 135 – 130 BC ), daughter of Cleopatra III and Ptolemy VIII Physcon

* Cleopatra Thea ( c. 164 – 121 BC ), daughter of Cleopatra II and Ptolemy VI Philometor

move seemingly had a strictly personal political motive – that is, fear and jealousy of his cousin Ptolemy – and thus the expansion was not set about in response to pressing military or economic needs.

He was active in Alexandria during the reign of Ptolemy I ( 323 – 283 BC ).

* Claudius Ptolemy 83 – c. 168 AD, Roman Empire ( Roman Egypt )

These invaders appeared in Asia Minor in 278 – 277 BC ; others invaded Macedonia, killed the Ptolemaic ruler Ptolemy Ceraunus but were eventually ousted by Antigonus Gonatas, the grandson of the defeated Diadoch Antigonus the One-Eyed.

The now lost history of Alexander's campaigns by the diadoch Ptolemy I ( 367 – 283 BC ) may represent the first historical work composed by a ruler.

Furthermore, Nasir al-Din al-Tusi ( 1201 – 1274 ), an astronomer and mathematician from Baghdad, authored the Treasury of Astronomy, a remarkably accurate table of planetary movements that reformed the existing planetary model of Roman astronomer Ptolemy by describing a uniform circular motion of all planets in their orbits.

* 217 BC – Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV Philopator of Egypt defeats Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom.

It dates to the reign of Ptolemy II ( 285 – 246 BC ), and is therefore likely to have been built at about the same time as the Alexandria Pharos.

The library was conceived and opened either during the reign of Ptolemy I Soter ( 323 – 283 BC ) or during the reign of his son Ptolemy II ( 283 – 246 BC ).

King Ptolemy II Philadelphus ( 309 – 246 BC ) is said to have set 500, 000 scrolls as an objective for the library.

The library was conceived and opened either during the reign of Ptolemy I Soter ( 323 – 283 BC ) or during the reign of his son Ptolemy II ( 283 – 246 BC ).

:: A. Ptolemy, King of Mauretania, 1 BC – 40 AD, had 1 child