Where territory is occupied in the course of hostilities by an enemy's force, even if the annexation of the occupied country is proclaimed by the enemy, there can be no change of allegiance during the progress of hostilities on the part of a citizen of the occupied country ( R v Vermaak ( 1900 ) 21 NLR 204 ( South Africa )).

Loyalty requires affection also to the office of the Sovereign, attachment to royalty, attachment to the law and to the constitution of the realm, and he who would, by force or by fraud, endeavour to prostrate that law and constitution, though he may retain his affection for its head, can boast but an imperfect and spurious species of loyalty ( R v O ' Connell ( 1844 ) 7 ILR 261 ).

There were four kinds of allegiances ( Rittson v Stordy ( 1855 ) 3 Sm & G 230 ; De Geer v Stone ( 1882 ) 22 Ch D 243 ; Isaacson v Durant ( 1886 ) 54 LT 684 ; Gibson, Gavin v Gibson 3 KB 379 ; Joyce v DPP AC 347 ; Collingwood v Pace ( 1661 ) O Bridg 410 ; Lane v Bennett ( 1836 ) 1 M & W 70 ; Lyons Corp v East India Co ( 1836 ) 1 Moo PCC 175 ; Birtwhistle v Vardill ( 1840 ) 7 Cl & Fin 895 ; R v Lopez, R v Sattler ( 1858 ) Dears & B 525 ; Ex p Brown ( 1864 ) 5 B & S 280 );

( c ) Ligeantia localis, by operation of law, when a friendly alien enters the country, because so long as they are in the country they are within the Sovereign's protection, therefore they owe the Sovereign a local obedience or allegiance ( R v Cowle ( 1759 ) 2 Burr 834 ; Low v Routledge ( 1865 ) 1 Ch App 42 ; Re Johnson, Roberts v Attorney-General 1 Ch 821 ; Tingley v Muller 2 Ch 144 ; Rodriguez v Speyer AC 59 ; Johnstone v Pedlar 2 AC 262 ; R v Tucker ( 1694 ) Show Parl Cas 186 ; R v Keyn ( 1876 ) 2 Ex D 63 ; Re Stepney Election Petn, Isaacson v Durant ( 1886 ) 17 QBD 54 );

Impressed with his abilities as a guitarist, former Superjesus manager Dan Hennessy took a keen interest in the band and when he took over as A & R chief at Warner Bros. Records Australia, Weta were added to their roster and the band moved to Melbourne, Australia in 1998.

* 1981-1982 Myron E. Ullman ; former CEO, Louis Vuitton Moet Hennessy ; former Chairman / CEO, DFS Group, LTD ; former Chairman / CEO, R. H. Macy & Company ; Chairman & CEO, J. C. Penney

* Hennessy, R., McNamara, M., & Hoctor, Z., 2010 Stone, Water & Ice: A Geology Trip Through the Burren.

W. R. Hennessy.

The last words of the poem " On Wenlock Edge " are used by Audrey R. Langer for the title of the 1989 novel Ashes Under Uricon.

and Schowalter, W. R. Colloidal Dispersions, Cambridge, 1989 Cambridge University Press

Before there was an official standard for C, many users and implementors relied on an informal specification contained in a book by Ritchie and Brian Kernighan ; that version is generally referred to as " K & R " C. In 1989 the American National Standards Institute published a standard for C ( generally called " ANSI C " or " C89 ").

* Michel, R. ( ed ), David contre David, actes du colloque au Louvre du 6-10 décembre 1989, Paris ( 1993 )

* Mason, R. L., Gunst, R. F., & Hess, J. L. ( 1989 ).

and Maier, J. R. ( 1989 ), Myths of Enki, the Crafty God ( Oxford ).

* 1989 – Tiny Grimes, American jazz and R & B guitarist ( b. 1916 )

The second reason is that such groups may be formed as a means of defense to insure survival, fears by one group of a hostile group threatening them can increase solidarity amongst that group, R. Paul Shaw and Yuwa Wong in their book The Genetic Seeds of Warfare ( 1989 ) identify this as the foundation of xenophobia that they identify as originating in hunter gatherer societies.

* 1927 – R. D. Laing, Scottish psychiatrist ( d. 1989 )

* 1907 – Alva R. Fitch, American army officer ( d. 1989 )

According to Merriam-Webster's Dictionary, the term was first used in 1989, though the use is not attributed to anyone. The term ' trip hop ' was first used in print by Andy Pemberton, a music journalist writing for Mixmag, in June 1994 to describe Mo Wax Records Artist ( U. K ) R. P. M and ( American ) DJ Shadow's " In / Flux " single.

* Sanders, Clinton R. ( 1989 ) Customizing the Body: the Art and Culture of Tattooing.

* Heine, R. E., 1989.

* Neil R. Jones's Professor Jameson series ( 1931 – 1989 )

* Holcombe, R. G. ( 1989 ).

In 1989 he shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Thomas R. Cech for their work on the catalytic properties of RNA.

* Ibarguen, Raoul R. Narrative Detours: Henry Miller and the Rise of New Critical Modernism, excerpts from a 1989 Ph. D. thesis

* Williams, J. R. and Pentland, A. P., " Superquadric and Modal Dynamics for Discrete Elements in Concurrent Design ," National Science Foundation Sponsored 1st U. S. Conference of Discrete Element Methods, Golden, CO, October 19 – 20, 1989.

* M. K. Yau and R. R. Rogers, Short Course in Cloud Physics, Third Edition, published by Butterworth-Heinemann, January 1, 1989, 304 pages.

By the early 1990s, the music associated with this experimentation had gained prominence with releases on a variety of record labels including Warp Records ( 1989 ), Black Dog Productions ( 1989 ), R & S Records ( 1989 ), Carl Craig's Planet E, Rising High Records ( 1991 ), Richard James's Rephlex Records ( 1991 ), Kirk Degiorgio's Applied Rhythmic Technology ( 1991 ), Eevo Lute Muzique ( 1991 ), General Production Recordings ( 1989 ), Soma Quality Recordings ( 1991 ), Peacefrog Records ( 1991 ), and Metamorphic Recordings ( 1992 ).

½ ( pKa < sub > 1 </ sub > + pKa < sub > R </ sub >), where pKa < sub > R </ sub > is the side-chain pKa.

* R. W. Sharples, 1992, Alexander of Aphrodisias: Quaestiones 1. 1-2. 15.

In a letter to R. B. Fuller Esq., dated 1 August 1913, McCormick described the circumstances that inspired him to write Advance Australia Fair:

* If the balance factor of R is + 1, two different rotations are needed.

If the function R is well-defined, its value must lie in the range, with 1 indicating perfect correlation and − 1 indicating perfect anti-correlation.

: R < sub > 1 </ sub >- CH = CH-R < sub > 2 </ sub > + O < sub > 3 </ sub > → R < sub > 1 </ sub >- CHO + R < sub > 2 </ sub >- CHO + H < sub > 2 </ sub > O

In R. v. Big M Drug Mart Ltd., ( 1 S. C. R.

* In R v Burgess 1991 2 WLR 1206 the Court of Appeal ruled that the defendant who wounded a woman by hitting her with a video recorder while sleepwalking, was insane under the M ' Naghten Rules.

See also R v Skivington 1 QB 166, 2 WLR 655, 131 JP 265, 111 SJ 72, 1 All ER 483, 51 Cr App R 167, CA.

* R v Reid QB 299, 3 WLR 395, 2 All ER 1350, 56 Cr App R 703, Crim LR 553, CA

* R v Wellard 1 WLR 921, 3 All ER 161, 67 Cr App R 364, CA

* R v Cort EWCA Crim 2149, 3 WLR 1300, 1 Cr App R 18, CA

* R v Hendy-Freegard, EWCA Crim 1236, 3 WLR 488, The Times, May 30, 2007

As to the effect of section 6 ( 1 )( a ) of the Broadcasting Act 1990 in relation to broadcasting images of an abortion, see R v British Broadcasting Corporation, ex parte ProLife Alliance UKHL 23, 1 AC 185, 2 WLR 1403, 2 All ER 977, UKHRR 758, HRLR 26, ACD 65, EMLR 23, reversing R v British Broadcasting Corporation, ex parte ProLife Alliance EWCA Civ 297, 3 WLR 1080, 2 All ER 756, CA.

* R ( Wright ) v Secretary of State for Health UKHL 3, 2 WLR 267

* R v Wang 1 WLR 661, UKHL 9, 1 All ER 782, 2 Cr App R 8, ' there are no circumstances in which a judge is entitled to direct a jury to return a verdict of guilty '

R v Belfon 1 WLR 741, CA, confirmed that references to mere foresight or recklessness that harm was likely to result are sufficient for the element " unlawfully and maliciously inflict / cause " for the basic intent in both sections 18 and 20 but insufficient for the specific element.

stated that in the rare cases where an expanded direction is required to include foresight, courts should use virtual certainty as the test, rather than high probability ( see also R v Woollin 3 WLR 382 ( HL )).

Fagan v Metropolitan Police Commissioner 1 QB 439, 3 All ER 442, 3 WLR 1120, 52 Cr App R 700, DC is a leading case that illustrates the requirement of concurrence ( or coincidence ) of actus reus ( Latin for " guilty act ") and mens rea ( Latin for " guilty mind ") in order to establish an offence under the criminal law of England and Wales.

In R v Madden ( 1975 ) 1 WLR 1379 the defendant telephoned a bomb hoax to a steel works whose business was disrupted for about an hour.

In R v Johnson ( Anthony ) ( 1997 ) 1 WLR 367, the Court of Appeal confronted the problem head-on.

In R v Bird ( 1985 ) 1 WLR 816 the defendant was physically attacked, and reacted instinctively and immediately without having the opportunity to retreat.

Since his admission, Finlayson has appeared in all courts of New Zealand, including seven appearances before the Privy Council, including as counsel for the New Zealand Bar Association in Harley v McDonald 2 WLR 1749 and counsel for the British Government in Attorney-General for England and Wales v R ( a decision of the Privy Council delivered on 17 March 2003 ).