Western Europe's significant historical events include the Renaissance, the Protestant Reformation by Martin Luther and the Counter-Reformation of the Catholic Church, the Age of Enlightenment, the French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution.

This era in Western Europe is referred to as the early modern European period and includes the Protestant Reformation, the European wars of religion, the Age of Discovery and the beginning of European colonialism, the rise of strong centralized governments, the beginnings of recognizable nation-states that are the direct antecedents of today's states, the Age of Enlightenment and from the associated scientific advances the first phase of the Industrial Revolution.

Strengthened by the Peace of Westphalia, the Reformation, and the Industrial Revolution, European powers regrouped and challenged Ottoman dominance.

The modern period consists of the three centuries between the religious revolution at the beginning of the 16th century ( the Protestant Reformation ) and the French Revolution and its consequences.

Gutenberg's inventions and works ( such as the Gutenberg Bible ) would play key roles for the development of the Reformation and the Scientific Revolution.

It played a key role in the development of the Renaissance, Reformation, the Age of Enlightenment and the Scientific Revolution and laid the material basis for the modern knowledge-based economy and the spread of learning to the masses.

The Cistercians were adversely affected in England by the Protestant Reformation, the Dissolution of the Monasteries under King Henry VIII, the French Revolution in continental Europe, and the revolutions of the 18th century, but some survived and the order recovered in the 19th century.

Regardless of the precise dates used to define its beginning and end points, the early modern period is generally agreed to have comprised the Renaissance, the Reformation, the Scientific Revolution, and the Enlightenment.

He believed that the Reformation, the Enlightenment, and the eventual outcome of the French Revolution had all contributed to individuals putting themselves before the nation, with consequent negative effects on the latter, and that democracy and liberalism were only making matters worse.

However, its popularity and prestige as a centre of pilgrimage waned with the Reformation, and by the time of the French Revolution there were scarcely any monks in residence.

Examples of Awakening eras include the Protestant Reformation ( 1517 – 1542 ), the Puritan Awakening ( 1621 – 1649 ), the Great Awakening ( 1727 – 1746 ), the Second Great Awakening ( 1822 – 1844 ), the Third Great Awakening ( 1886 – 1908 ), and the Consciousness Revolution ( 1964 – 1984 ).

* Covers all major strands of psychopannychism and thnetopsychism in English Reformation and Revolution.

* De Lamar Jensen, Reformation Europe: Age of Reform and Revolution.

Most of the Holy Prepuces were lost or destroyed during the Reformation and the French Revolution.

– 4 February 1615 ), also known as Giovanni Battista Della Porta and John Baptist Porta, was an Italian scholar, polymath and playwright who lived in Naples at the time of the Scientific Revolution and Reformation.

Major historical events in Early Modern British history include the English Renaissance, the English Reformation and Scottish Reformation, the English Civil War, the Restoration of Charles II, the Glorious Revolution, the Treaty of Union, the Scottish Enlightenment and the formation of the First British Empire.

These were often destroyed or whitewashed during iconoclast phases of the Protestant Reformation or in other unrest such as the French Revolution, though some have survived in museums such as the V & A, Musée de Cluny and Louvre.

The period in Europe witnessed the decline of feudalism and includes the Reformation, the disastrous Thirty Years ' War, the Commercial Revolution, the European colonization of the Americas, and the Golden Age of Piracy.

Freedom of religion and separation of church and state have formed part of the French idea of the state since at least the French Revolution and in some ways long before, since the 16th century period of the Reformation and of the Wars of Religion.

Most of these institutions were suppressed during the Protestant Reformation of the 16th century or during the stormy years of revolutions and social unrest of the French Revolution.

Although the Protestant Reformation, the German Peasants ' War, the Thirty Years ' War, the French Revolution and the Black Death left their marks on the region, Pfullendorf was able to avoid major destruction.

Melchior Hoffman: Social Unrest and Apocalyptic Vision in the Age of Reformation.

Oliver Cromwell and his Parliaments, in his Religion, the Reformation and Social Change Macmillan.

* The Crisis of the Seventeenth Century: Religion, the Reformation, and Social Change, and Other Essays, 1967.

* The Crisis of the Seventeenth Century: Religion, the Reformation, and Social Change, and Other Essays, 1967. full text online

' Oliver Cromwell and his Parliaments ', in his Religion, the Reformation and Social Change ( Macmillan ).

He has also been the contributor of various chapters or articles to The Social History of the Reformation, The Holy Roman Empire: A Dictionary Handbook, and the Simon Wiesenthal Center Annual of Holocaust Studies ,.

" Social Life in Britain from the Conquest to the Reformation ," Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1918.

Melchior Hoffman: Social Unrest & Apocalyptic Vision in the Age of Reformation.

Social and religious riots marked the introduction of the Protestant Reformation in 1534.

The Reformation of German Economic Discourse " ( Cambridge: Cambridge University Press ).

NESARA has since become better known as the subject of a cult-like conspiracy theory promoted by Shaini Candace Goodwin, who claimed that the act was actually passed with additional provisions as the National Economic Security and Reformation Act, and then suppressed by the George W. Bush administration and the Supreme Court.

* MacCulloch, Diarmaid, The Reformation: A History.

* Philip Hughes, A History of the Church To the Eve of the Reformation

* The History of the Jews, from the Christian era to the dawn of the Reformation ( 1851 ).

* The Reformation: A History, by English historian Diarmaid MacCulloch

Knox fled to Kyle in Ayrshire, where he completed the major part of his magnum opus, History of the Reformation in Scotland.

* The History of the Reformation in Scotland ( 1586 – 1587 )

* Zophy, Jonathan W. A Short History of Renaissance and Reformation Europe Dances over Fire and Water.

The principal object of his major work, The History of England, is to emphasise the disastrous effects of the Reformation.

William Cobbett used Lingards history as an unbiased reference source for his own History of the Protestant Reformation in which he puts forward the argument that the reformation had disastrous consequences for the ordinary people of England.

* BBC History: English Reformation

Islam and Protestantism share orientations towards iconoclasm: the Beeldenstorm ( statue's assault ) during the History of religion in the Netherlands # Reformation and counter-reformation | Dutch reformation.

Essays on the History of Humanism during the Reformation.

His other works included well-known monographs on Richard III ( London, 1878 ), and on Henry VII ( London, 1889, and subsequently ); The Houses of Lancaster and York ( London, 1874, and other editions ); The English Church in the 16th century ( London, 1902 ); Lollardy and the Reformation in England ( 1908 ); and contributions to the Encyclopædia Britannica, the Dictionary of National Biography, the Cambridge Modern History, and the English Historical Review.

* Archive for Reformation History, journal

About the same time he wrote for the Cabinet Cyclopaedia a History of England from the Earliest Times to the Final Establishment of the Reformation.

Ranke followed this book up with multi-volume Deutsche Geschichte im Zeitalter der Reformation ( History of the Reformation in Germany ) in 1845 – 1847.

** Congregational Church History from the Reformation to 1662, London, 1862, awarded the bicentenary prize offered by the Congregational Union

* William Cobbett, A History of the Protestant Reformation in England and Ireland, 1846 edition ( London: Catholic Publishing Company )

* Thomas Stephen, History of the Church of Scotland from the Reformation to the Present Time ( 4 vols, 1843 )

Besides this he translated Johann Sleidan's History of the Reformation, and wrote several theological works.

* James Gairdner, Lollardy and the Reformation and Church History 1485 – 1558 ;

* Holborn, Hajo, A History of Modern Germany, The Reformation.