If Mr. Kennan is sometimes a little somber in his appraisals, if his analysis of how Western diplomacy met the challenge of an era of great wars and social revolutions is often critical and pessimistic -- well, the record itself is not too encouraging.

Monasticism had been introduced into the region of modern France during the Roman era by St. Martin of Tours, who founded the first monastery in Western Europe.

It may come from a custom in the late Roman / early Christian era, wherein metal boxes placed outside churches were used to collect special offerings tied to the Feast of Saint Stephen, which in the Western Church falls on the same day as Boxing Day.

Due to the Gregorian calendar's obvious connotations of Western Christianity, non-Christians and even some Christians sometimes replace the traditional era notations " AD " and " BC " (" Anno Domini " and " Before Christ ") with " CE " and " BCE " (" Common Era " and " Before Common Era ").

During this era, Chinese scholars attempted to incorporate Western philosophical ideologies such as democracy, Marxism, socialism, liberalism, republicanism, and nationalism into Chinese philosophy.

Dates in the Gregorian calendar in the Western world have always used the era designated in English as Anno Domini or Common Era.

Christianity, social tolerance, and homosexuality: Gay people in Western Europe from the beginning of the Christian era to the fourteenth century.

Today, the goth music scene thrives in Western Europe, with large annual festivals in Germany such as Wave-Gotik-Treffen in Leipzig and M ' era Luna in Hildesheim.

The most valuable evidence, if relevant, are the treaties and letters mentioned in Hittite cuneiform texts of the same approximate era, which mention an unruly Western Anatolian warlord named Piyama-Radu ( possibly Priam ) and his successor Alaksandu ( possibly Alexander, the nickname of Paris ) both based in Wilusa ( possibly Ilion / Ilios ), as well as the god Apaliunas ( possibly Apollo ).

In 391, the Byzantine era began with the permanent division of the Roman Empire into East and Western halves.

These negative qualities provided extensive material for fiction writers in the Victorian era, and John remains a recurring character within Western popular culture, primarily as a villain in films and stories depicting the Robin Hood legends.

Exemplifying the French School are the early Avignon Pietà of Enguerrand Quarton ; the anonymous painting of King Jean le Bon ( c. 1360 ), possibly the oldest independent portrait in Western painting to survive from the postclassical era ; Hyacinthe Rigaud's Louis XIV ; Jacques-Louis David's The Coronation of Napoleon ; and Eugène Delacroix's Liberty Leading the People.

In the Western world, from the classical period through the early centuries of the Christian era, manuscripts were written without spaces between the words ( scriptio continua ), which makes them especially hard for the untrained to read.

During the World War II era William E. Fairbairn and Eric A. Sykes were recruited by the Special Operations Executive ( SOE ) to teach their martial art of defendu ( itself drawing on jujutsu and Western boxing ) and pistol shooting to UK, US, and Canadian special forces.

The post-war motels, especially in the early 1950s to late 1960s, sought more visual distinction, often featuring eye-catching colorful neon signs which employed themes from popular culture, ranging from Western imagery of cowboys and Indians to contemporary images of spaceships and atomic era iconography.

Milestone was known for his previous anti-war films, including 1930's All Quiet on the Western Front and Shangganling ( The Battle of Sangkumryung Ridge or Triangle Hill ; 1956 ), which was the most influential film on the Chinese in that era.

These southern hostilities were ended by British mediation during Harold Wilson's era, and both sides accepted the award of the Indo-Pakistan Western Boundary Case Tribunal designated by the UN secretary general himself.

Civilization developed concurrently with the Fertile Crescent in the ancient Mediterranean islands around Greece from about 3200 to 1000 BCE and carried to Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome that is considered the Classical era in the Western world.

After the dissolution of the Western Roman Empire, the Justinian Code remained in effect in the Eastern empire, known in the modern era as the Byzantine Empire ( 331 – 1453 ).

On the recommendation of Don Siegel, Peckinpah established himself during the late 1950s as a scriptwriter of Western series of the era, selling scripts to Gunsmoke, Have Gun – Will Travel, The Rifleman, Broken Arrow, Klondike, and Dick Powell's Zane Grey Theater.

The concept became prominent in Western anti-communist political discourse during the Cold War era in order to highlight perceived similarities between Nazi Germany and other fascist regimes on the one hand, and Soviet communism on the other.

Unlike many other Eastern European cars of the communist era ( notably the Lada Riva, Skoda Estelle, Polski Fiat and Yugo ), however, it was not a strong seller in Western Europe.

With the sound era, films like All Quiet on the Western Front ( 1930 ) ( and its much darker German counterpart Westfront 1918 ), Howard Hawks ' Road to Glory ( 1936 ) and Grand Illusion ( 1937 ), focused on the futility of war for non-American soldiers whilst Hollywood produced American soldiers featuring in World War I comedies such as Buster Keaton's Doughboys ( 1930 ) and Wheeler & Woolsey's Half Shot at Sunrise ( 1930 ), or exciting tales of the U. S. Marine Corps putting down rebellions in Central America, China, and the Pacific Islands in films like Frank Capra's Flight ( 1930 ), The Leathernecks Have Landed ( 1936 ) and Tell it to the Marines ( 1926 film ).

In 1861, the decorative arts firm of Morris, Marshall, Faulkner & Co .( later described by Nicholas Pevsner as the ' beginning of a new era in Western art ') was founded with Morris, Rossetti, Burne-Jones, Ford Madox Brown and Philip Webb as partners, together with Charles Faulkner and Peter Paul Marshall, the former of whom was a member of the Oxford Brotherhood, and the latter a friend of Brown and Rossetti.

The term originates from the white color of the wedding dress, which first became popular with Victorian era elites, after Queen Victoria wore a white lace dress at her wedding ; however, the term now also encapsulates the entire Western wedding routine, especially in the Christian religious tradition, which generally includes a ceremony during which the marriage begins, followed by a reception.

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English country dance survived well beyond the Baroque era and eventually spread in various forms across Europe and its colonies, and to all levels of society.

Chaplin was identified with left-wing politics during the McCarthy era and he was ultimately forced to resettle in Europe from 1952.

During the era after the war, later called the Pax Mongolica, adventurous Westerners such as Marco Polo travelled all the way to China and brought the first reports of its wonders to Europe.

Austria played a major role in the final defeat of France — in recognition of this, Francis, represented by Clemens von Metternich, presided over the Congress of Vienna, helping to form the Concert of Europe and the Holy Alliance, ushering in an era of conservatism in Europe.

Feminist historical theologians study the roles of women in periods throughout history that have impacted religion: the Biblical period, the early Christian era, medieval Europe, and any period of import to a particular religion.

The vihuela enjoyed only a short period of popularity in Spain and Italy during an era dominated elsewhere in Europe by the lute ; the last surviving published music for the instrument appeared in 1576.

In February 1793 a major war broke out between conservative Great Britain and its allies and revolutionary France, launching an era of large-scale warfare that engulfed Europe until 1815.

In an era characterized by almost endless warfare, he led his armies as king from 1611 ( at age 17 ) until his death in battle in 1632 while leading a charge — as Sweden rose from the status of a mere regional power and run-of-the-mill kingdom to one of the great powers of Europe and a model of early modern era government.

After the Hun era in Europe, Greek and Latin chroniclers continued to use the term " Huns " when referring to tribal groups whom they placed in the Black Sea region.

It was a primary supplier of indigo dye, derived from the plant Indigofera tinctoria, to Europe as early as the Greco-Roman era.

Though relatively little of this has survived, it bears resemblance to the similar endeavours of other Germanic tribes of northern and central Europe from the same era.

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The beginning of major migration to Europe began during the colonial era ( 1912 to 1956 ).

During the Christian era in Europe, midwives became important to the church due to their role in emergency baptisms, and found themselves regulated by Roman Catholic canon law.

Manpower in the Medieval era in traditional governments in Europe consisted mainly of slave labor and low-class laborers.

In Renaissance Europe, the arrival of mechanical movable type printing introduced the era of mass communication which permanently altered the structure of society: The relatively unrestricted circulation of information and ( revolutionary ) ideas transcended borders, captured the masses in the Reformation and threatened the power of political and religious authorities ; the sharp increase in literacy broke the monopoly of the literate elite on education and learning and bolstered the emerging middle class.

After developing within the space of little over a century from an intersection of rural thoroughfares into the most bustling traffic intersection in Europe, it was totally laid waste during World War II and then left desolate during the Cold War era when the Berlin Wall bisected its former location.

He endorsed and promoted study of Arab / Greco-Roman arithmetic, mathematics, and astronomy, reintroducing to Europe the abacus and armillary sphere, which had been lost to Europe since the end of the Greco-Roman era.