The term is often attributed to Rudolf Erich Raspe's story The Surprising Adventures of Baron Munchausen, where the main character pulls himself out of a swamp by his hair ( specifically, his pigtail ), but the Baron does not, in fact, pull himself out by his bootstraps.

In the early 1920s, three German cryptographers ( Werner Kunze, Rudolf Schauffler and Erich Langlotz ), who were involved in breaking such systems, realized that they could never be broken if a separate randomly chosen additive number was used for every code group.

Above Rudolf Hilsch and Otto Scherzer, in front Erich Hückel, 1935 at Stuttgart

Some of the University's better-known students include: Christian Doppler, Kurt Adler, Franz Alt, Bruno Bettelheim, Rudolf Bing, Lucian Blaga, Josef Breuer, F. F. Bruce, Elias Canetti, Ivan Cankar, Otto Maria Carpeaux, Felix Ehrenhaft, Mihai Eminescu, Paul Feyerabend, Heinz Fischer, O. W. Fischer, Ivan Franko, Sigmund Freud, Alcide De Gasperi, Ernst Gombrich, Kurt Gödel, Erich Göstl, Franz Grillparzer, Jörg Haider, Edmund Husserl, Hugo von Hofmannsthal, Marie Jahoda, Elfriede Jelinek, Percy Lavon Julian, Karl Kautsky, Elisabeth Kehrer, Hans Kelsen, Rudolf Kirchschläger, Arthur Koestler, Jernej Kopitar, Karl Kordesch, Karl Kraus, Bruno Kreisky, Richard Kuhn, Paul Lazarsfeld, Gustav Mahler, Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, Lise Meitner, Gregor Mendel, Franz Mesmer, Franc Miklošič, Alois Mock, Matija Murko, Pope Pius III, Maxim Podoprigora, Hans Popper, Karl Popper, Otto Preminger, Wilhelm Reich, Peter Safar, Mordkhe Schaechter, Arthur Schnitzler, Albin Schram, Wolfgang Schüssel, Joseph Schumpeter, Theodor Herzl, John J. Shea, Jr., Adalbert Stifter, Yemima Tchernovitz-Avidar, Kurt Waldheim, Otto Weininger, Stefan Zweig, and Huldrych Zwingli.

Immanuel Kant ( 1724 – 1804 ), Rudolf Steiner ( 1861 – 1925 ), Alfred Adler ( 1879 – 1937 ), Erich Adickes ( 1866 – 1925 ), Eduard Spranger ( 1914 ), Ernst Kretschmer ( 1920 ), and Erich Fromm ( 1947 ) all theorized on the four temperaments ( with different names ) and greatly shaped our modern theories of temperament.

In addition to those mentioned above, others were conductors Daniel Barenboim, Leonard Bernstein, Eugen Jochum, Erich Kleiber, Serge Koussevitzky, Pierre Monteux, André Previn and Leopold Stokowski, and soloists Janet Baker, Dennis Brain, Alfred Brendel, Roberto Carnevale, Pablo Casals, Aldo Ciccolini, Clifford Curzon, Victoria de los Ángeles, Jacqueline du Pré, Kirsten Flagstad, Beniamino Gigli, Emil Gilels, Jascha Heifetz, Wilhelm Kempff, Fritz Kreisler, Julian Lloyd Webber, Arturo Benedetti Michelangeli, David Oistrakh, Luciano Pavarotti, Maurizio Pollini, Leontyne Price, Arthur Rubinstein, Elisabeth Schumann, Rudolf Serkin, Joan Sutherland, Richard Tauber and Eva Turner.

After World War I, the thoughts of Rudolf Kjellén and Ratzel were picked up and extended by a number of German authors such as Karl Haushofer ( 1869 – 1946 ), Erich Obst, Hermann Lautensach and Otto Maull.

Baron Munchausen is a character from The Surprising Adventures of Baron Munchausen ( or Baron Münchhausen's Narrative of his Marvellous Travels ) by Rudolf Erich Raspe — a collection of tall tales published in 1785, based on the German adventurer Karl Friedrich von Münchhausen.

Rudolf Erich Raspe ( March 1736 – November 1794 ) was a German librarian, writer and scientist, called by his biographer John Carswell a " rogue ".

* Carswell, John ( 1950 ) The Prospector: being the life and times of Rudolf Erich Raspe, ( 1737-1794 ).

( 2005 ) Der Münchhausen-Autor Rudolf Erich Raspe-Wissenschaft-Kunst-Abenteuer.

* Wiebel, Bernhard ; Ursula Gfeller ( 2009 ) Rudolf Erich Raspe als Geologe-vom " vulkanischen Mordbrenner " zum Zweifler am Vulkanismus.

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The syndrome name derives from Baron Münchhausen ( Karl Friedrich Hieronymus Freiherr von Münchhausen, 1720 – 1797 ), a German nobleman, who purportedly told many fantastic and impossible stories about himself, which Rudolf Raspe later published as The Surprising Adventures of Baron Münchhausen.

An English version was published in London in 1785, by Rudolf Erich Raspe, as Baron Munchausen's Narrative of his Marvellous Travels and Campaigns in Russia, also called The Surprising Adventures of Baron Munchausen.

# REDIRECT Rudolf Erich Raspe

This was followed in 1791 by a large catalogue, in two volumes quarto, with illustrations etched by David Allan, and descriptive text in English and French by Rudolf Erich Raspe, enumerating nearly 16, 000 pieces.

Catharina Elisabeth Jauch ( 1671 – 1736 ) married the later colonel and architect of King August the Strong, Johann Christoph von Naumann, her sister Juliana Agnesa Jauch ( 1673 – 1712 ) married Baron ( Freiherr ) Johann Rudolf von Schmiedel, Saxon district governor ( Amtshauptmann ) and councillor of the board of domains ( Landkammerrat ), their son being Baron Franz Rudolf von Schmiedel, Hofmarschall of the extravagant Ernest Augustus I, Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach.

* 1811 – First ascent of Jungfrau, third highest summit in the Bernese Alps by brothers Johann Rudolf and Hieronymus Meyer.

* 1858 – Rudolf, Crown Prince of Austria ( d. 1889 )

Obersturmbannführer Rudolf Höss was overall commandant of the Auschwitz complex from May 1940 – November 1943 ; Obersturmbannführer Arthur Liebehenschel from November 1943 – May 1944 ; and Sturmbannführer Richard Baer from May 1944 – January 1945.

** 10 March 1803 – 26 April 1803 Johann Rudolf Dolder ( b. 1753 – d. 1807 )

* 1944 – Rudolf Vrba and Alfred Wetzler escape from the Birkenau death camp.

The Bronze Star Medal was designed by Rudolf Freund ( 1878 – 1960 ) of jewelry firm Bailey, Banks & Biddle.

The early personages most cited for propounding composting within farming are for the German-speaking world Rudolf Steiner, founder of a farming method called biodynamics, and Annie Francé-Harrar, who was appointed on behalf of the government in Mexico and supported the country 1950 – 1958 to set up a large humus organization in the fight against erosion and soil degradation.

* 1890 – Rudolf Schlichter, German artist and writer ( d. 1955 )

He then studied medicine in Berlin and Würzburg, particularly with Albert von Kölliker, Franz Leydig, Rudolf Virchow ( with whom he later worked briefly as assistant ), and with anatomist-physiologist Johannes Peter Müller ( 1801 – 1858 ).

In 1877, Rudolf Virchow ( 1821 – 1902 ), once an inspiration to Haeckel at Würzburg, proclaimed that Haeckel ’ s embryo drawings represent mere hypotheses.

* 1962 – Captured American U2 spy-plane pilot Gary Powers is exchanged for captured Soviet spy Rudolf Abel.

* 1857 – Heinrich Rudolf Hertz, German physicist ( d. 1894 )

Important figures in the first years were – among others – Petra Kelly, Lukas Beckmann, Rudolf Bahro, Joseph Beuys, Antje Vollmer, Rudi Dutschke, Undine von Blottnitz, Joschka Fischer, Herbert Gruhl and Baldur Springmann.

Bultmonn said, “ As from now on there are only believers and unbelievers, so there are also now only saved and lost, those who have life and those who are in death ” – Rudolf Bultmann, The Gospel of John, p. 155

Rudolf Diels, first Commander of the Gestapo ; 1933 – 1934

" Frauen und Brakteaten-eine Skizze " in Mythological Women ', edited by Rudolf Simek and Wilhelm Heizmann, pp. 33 – 80.

Heinrich Abeken ( August 19, 1809, Osnabrück – August 8, 1872 ), German theologian and Prussian Privy Legation Councillor in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Berlin, was born and raised in the city of Osnabrück as a son of a merchant, he was incited to a higher education by the example of his uncle Bernhard Rudolf Abeken.

* 1822 – Rudolf Clausius, German physicist ( d. 1888 )

* 1879 – Rudolf Bauer, Hungarian athlete ( d. 1932 )

* 1889 – Archduke Crown Prince Rudolf of Austria, heir to the Austro-Hungarian crown, is found dead with his mistress Baroness Mary Vetsera in Mayerling.

* 1901 – Rudolf Caracciola, German race car driver ( d. 1959 )