** Second-order cybernetics

* New Cybernetics, the study of First-and Second-order cybernetics

* Second-order cybernetics

Second-order cybernetics, also known as the cybernetics of cybernetics, investigates the construction of models of cybernetic systems.

# REDIRECT Second-order cybernetics

Second-order logic, for example, does not have a completeness theorem for its standard semantics ( but does have the completeness property for Henkin semantics ), and the same is true of all higher-order logics.

Second-order phase transitions are continuous in the first derivative ( the order parameter, which is the first derivative of the free energy with respect to the external field, is continuous across the transition ) but exhibit discontinuity in a second derivative of the free energy.

Second-order logic is in turn extended by higher-order logic and type theory.

Second-order logic is more expressive than first-order logic.

Second-order logic with Henkin semantics is not more expressive than first-order logic.

Second-order approximation ( also 2nd order ) is the term scientists use for a decent-quality answer.

Second-order governance is the level at which the " institutional arrangements " are provided " within which first order governing takes place ".

Second-order maximal evenness is maximal evenness of subcollections with regards to a larger collection which is maximally even.

Second-order motion is motion in which the moving contour is defined by contrast, texture, flicker or some other quality that does not result in an increase in luminance or motion energy in the Fourier spectrum of the stimulus.

A pioneer in the field, and inspired by Karl Popper's and Warren Weaver's works, Nobel prize economist and philosopher Friedrich Hayek dedicated much of his work, from early to the late 20th century, to the study of complex phenomena, not constraining his work to human economies but venturing into other fields such as psychology, biology and cybernetics.

W. Ross Ashby ( London, 6 September 1903 – 15 November 1972 ) was an English psychiatrist and a pioneer in cybernetics, the study of complex systems.

Some researchers who study cybernetics applied to pedagogy and foreign language instruction advise that:

Biorobotics is a term that loosely covers the fields of cybernetics, bionics and even genetic engineering as a collective study.

The science of computational cybernetics is especially concerned with the comparative study of automatic control systems.

In the 1930s, Talcott Parsons ( 1902 – 1979 ) developed action theory, integrating the study of social order with the structural and voluntaristic aspects of macro and micro factors, while placing the discussion within a higher explanatory context of system theory and cybernetics.

However its scope is wider than this and intended to encompass cybernetics which allows for the study of regulation in as many varied contexts as possible from the regulation of gene expression to the Press Complaints Commission for example.

Cyber comes from the word cybernetics, the study of the operation of control and communication ; psychology is the study of the mind and behavior.

Medical Cybernetics is a branch of cybernetics which has been heavily affected by the development of the computer, which applies the concepts of cybernetics to medical research and practice.

It adds more Cybernetics to accompany those found in d20 Future, as well as alternate forms of cybernetics, such as cybernetics in fantasy.

Cybernetics then becomes cybernetics of cybernetics, or second-order cybernetics.

The word cybernetics historically refers to what Norbert Wiener introduced in his book Cybernetics, or Control and Communication in the Animal and Machine ( 1948 ).

The technology is a mixture of the futuristic ( cybernetics, jump gates, energy weapons ) and the modern ( wheeled cars, handguns, zippo-styled lighters ), both of which are blended together.

The first component of the term comes from " cybernetics ", which is derived from the Greek κυβερνήτης ( kybernētēs, steersman, governor, pilot, or rudder ), a word introduced by Norbert Wiener for his pioneering work in electronic communication and control science.

He is a brilliant, ruthless scientist who has demonstrated mastery of robotics, mechatronics, metallurgy, chemistry, artificial intelligence, cloning, genetic engineering, biology, physics, astronomy, earth science, military tactics, cybernetics and mechanical engineering.

Information theory is closely associated with a collection of pure and applied disciplines that have been investigated and reduced to engineering practice under a variety of rubrics throughout the world over the past half century or more: adaptive systems, anticipatory systems, artificial intelligence, complex systems, complexity science, cybernetics, informatics, machine learning, along with systems sciences of many descriptions.

In cybernetics, the Good Regulator or Conant-Ashby theorem is stated " Every Good Regulator of a system must be a model of that system ".

The possibility of non-human minds is also explored in the field of artificial intelligence, which works closely in relation with cybernetics and information theory to understand the ways in which human mental phenomena can be replicated by machines.

Another form of decentralised planning is the use of cybernetics, or the use of computers to manage the allocation of economic inputs.

Shadowrun is a science fantasy role-playing game set in a near-future fictional universe in which cybernetics, magic and fantasy creatures co-exist.

Although a stable rampant AI is the " holy grail of cybernetics " it is not really known if a rampant AI can become stable.

The series is set in the post-apocalyptic future and focuses on Alita, a cyborg who has lost all memories and is found in a garbage heap by a cybernetics doctor who rebuilds and takes care of her.

Wiener is regarded as the originator of cybernetics, a formalization of the notion of feedback, with many implications for engineering, systems control, computer science, biology, philosophy, and the organization of society.

Wiener is regarded as the originator of cybernetics, a formalization of the notion of feedback, with many implications for engineering, systems control, computer science, biology, philosophy, and the organization of society.

Although the field was not formalized until the 20th century, it is thought that the work of Hero, his automated devices in particular, represents some of the first formal research into cybernetics.

This theory is only now fully emerging but it has its roots in several scientific fields that were developed during the first half of the twentieth century — organismic biology, gestalt psychology, ecology, general systems theory, and cybernetics.

He worked in the field of cybernetics and is known as the inventor of second-order cybernetics.

He is filled with ancient Chinese wisdom and the only cybernetics expert in the game ; can build androids and such.

The term used to describe progressive evolution is anagenesis, though this term does not necessarily include the idea of improvement. The objective description of complexity was one of the issues addressed by cybernetics in the 1950s.

The only way a character can become more damage resistant is to either become better at not being hit, physically augment their body with muscle ( trained or implanted ) or cybernetics, or wear armor.

* In computer science and cybernetics, the term " discrete-time delta operator " ( δ ) is generally taken to mean a difference operator

Despite being widely influential within cybernetics, systems theory and, more recently, complex systems, Ashby is not as well known as many of the notable scientists his work influenced, including Herbert A. Simon, Norbert Wiener, Ludwig von Bertalanffy, Stafford Beer, and Stuart Kauffman.

The term " meta-system " ( or " metasystem ") in cybernetics is synonymous with management system or control system.

* Norbert Wiener gives another defense of teleology in 1943 " Behavior, intention and teleology " and is one of the creators of cybernetics.