* ECMA-143-Private Integrated Services Network ( PISN )-Circuit Mode Bearer Services-Inter-Exchange Signalling Procedures and Protocol ( QSIG-BC ), Basic Call, International and European Versions: ISO / IEC 11572, ETSI EN 300 172

* ECMA-165-Private Integrated Services Network ( PISN )-Generic Functional Protocol for the Support of Supplementary Services-Inter-Exchange Signalling Procedures and Protocol ( QSIG-GF ), International and European Versions: ISO / IEC 11582, ETSI ETS 300 239

* ECMA-164-Private Integrated Services Network ( PISN )-Inter-Exchange Signalling Protocol-Name Identification Supplementary Services ( QSIG-NA ), International and European Versions: ISO / IEC 13868, ETSI ETS 300 238

* ECMA-174-Private Integrated Services Network ( PISN )-Inter-Exchange Signalling Protocol-Call Diversion Supplementary Services ( QSIG-CF ), International and European Versions: ISO / IEC 13873, ETSI ETS 300 257

* ECMA-178-Private Integrated Services Network ( PISN )-Inter-Exchange Signalling Protocol-Call Transfer Supplementary Service ( QSIG-CT ), International and European Versions: ISO / IEC 13869, ETSI ETS 300 261

Out-of-band signaling is used in Signalling System No. 7 ( SS7 ), the standard for signaling among exchanges that have controlled most of the world's phone calls for over twenty years.

The master patent for the Photophone ( Apparatus for Signalling and Communicating, called Photophone ), was issued in December 1880, many decades before its principles came to have practical applications.

SS7 has substantially replaced SS6, Signalling System No. 5 ( SS5 ), R1 and R2, with the exception that R1 and R2 variants are still used in numerous nations.

Since the 1960s, railroad distributed power technology has been dominated by one company, Harris Controls ( originally Harris Corporation — Controls and Composition Division, later purchased by General Electric, and now known as GE Transportation Systems Global Signalling ), who have manufactured and marketed a patented radio-control system known as Locotrol that is the predominant ( perhaps only?

Signalling control was originally exercised via a decentralised network of control points that were known by a variety of names including signal box ( International and British ), interlocking tower ( North America ), signal poste ( France ) and signal cabin ( some railways e. g, GCR ).

* Kichenside, G. and Williams, A., ( 1998 ), Two Centuries of Railway Signalling, Oxford Publishing Co., ISBN 0-86093-541-8

* Vanns, M. A., ( 1995 ), Signalling in the Age of Steam, Ian Allan, ISBN 0-7110-2350-6

In April, 2006, Thales announced it would be acquiring Alcatel's space business ( 67 % of Alcatel Alenia Space and 33 % of Telespazio ), and Alcatel's Rail Signalling Solutions division in a deal which also raised Alcatel's ownership of Thales to 21. 66 percent.

* Automatic Train Signalling ( автоматична локомотивна сигналізація ), a train protection system

The SSP is responsible for sending call information to the service control point ( SCP ), routing the request through at least one signal transfer point ( STP ) in the Signalling System 7 ( SS7 ) network.

Digital Subscriber Signalling System No. 1 ( DSS1 ), also known as Euro-ISDN or E-DSS1 ( European DSS1 ), is a digital signalling protocol ( D channel protocol ) used for the ISDN.

The functions of MTP Level 3 may also be replaced with the Generic Signalling Transport Service described in ITU-T Recommendation Q. 2150. 0 as provided by MTP3b ( Q. 2150. 1 ), SSCOP or SSCOPMCE ( Q. 2150. 2 ) or SCTP ( Q. 2150. 3 ).

* Signalling protocol responsible for communication between RNC and the core network is called RANAP ( Radio Access Network Application Part ), and is carried over Iu interface.

Other national variants of Signalling Connection Control Part ( SCCP ), such as the American National Standards Institute variant specified in ANSI T1. 112 / 2000, define their own format for the Global Title.

* Signalling Connection Control Part ( SCCP ), as specified in ITU-T Recommendation Q. 711 is a Signaling System 7 protocol.

Automatic Block Signalling applies to Newport South ( beside the Champion Road level crossing ), and from Newport South through to Werribee ( and all the way to Geelong ), the line is controlled by Automatic and Track Control safeworking via Westona and the main lines.

* Transmission Parameters Signalling, part of the DVB-T standard for broadcasting digital television signals

* ITU-T Recommendation Q. 701, Functional description of the message transfer part ( MTP ) of Signalling System No. 7.

Signalling Solutions is to resignal the 12 miles from Paddington to, including the Airport branch, as part of the Crossrail project.

ITU-T Recommendation Q. 931 is the ITU standard ISDN connection control signalling protocol, forming part of Digital Subscriber Signalling System No. 1.

; A2A: Signalling by keying a tone modulated onto a carrier so that it can easily be heard using an ordinary AM receiver-as used for station idents of some NDB transmissions.

Signalling function-intracellular calcium functions as a second messenger for some hormones.

Signalling took root in the idea of asymmetric information ( a deviation from perfect information ), which says that in some economic transactions, inequalities in access to information upset the normal market for the exchange of goods and services.

The standardisation went on for the next two years and it was felt to be slow for some industry partners-1998 saw the formation of the UNISIG ( Union of Signalling Industry ) including Alstom, Ansaldo, Bombardier, Invensys, Siemens and Thales which were to take over the finalization of the standard.

Signalling System No. 7 ( SS7 ) is a set of telephony signaling protocols which are used to set up most of the world's public switched telephone network telephone calls.

Common Channel Signaling protocols have been developed by major telephone companies and the ITU-T since 1975 ; the first international Common Channel Signaling protocol was defined by the ITU-T as Signalling System No. 6 ( SS6 ) in 1977.

* Signalling System No. 7, a set of telephone signaling protocols.

It transforms lower layer protocols as Stream Control Transmission Protocol ( SCTP, an IP protocol ) into Message Transfer Part ( MTP, an Signalling System 7 ( SS7 ) protocol ), to pass ISDN User Part ( ISUP ) from the MGCF to the CS network.

MAP is a Transaction Capabilities Application Part ( TCAP ) user, and as such can be transported using ' traditional ' SS7 protocols or over IP using Transport Independent Signalling Connection Control Part ( TI-SCCP ); or using SIGTRAN.

* BASE ( mobile ), a Belgian mobile telecommunications operator

In 1976, jurisdiction over telecommunications services, most of which were then delivered by monopoly common carriers ( for example, telephone companies ), was transferred to it from the Canadian Transport Commission although the abbreviation CRTC remained the same.

Jean-Maurice-Émile Baudot ( September 11, 1845 – March 28, 1903 ), French telegraph engineer and inventor of the first means of digital communication Baudot code, was one of the pioneers of telecommunications.

Regulation of telecommunications and broadcasting are the responsibility of the Gibraltar Regulatory Authority ( GRA ), established by means of the Gibraltar Regulatory Authority Act in 2000.

During the governments of General Juan Alberto Melgar ( 1975 – 78 ) and General Policarpo Paz ( 1978 – 82 ), Honduras built most of its physical infrastructure and electricity and terrestrial telecommunications systems, both of which are state monopolies.

Recent projects and notable inputs by the EU have included telecommunications ( improvement of telephone exchanges and provision of radio and navigation equipment ), the development of seaweed as an export crop, solar energy systems for the outer islands, the upgrading of the Control Tower and fire fighting services at Tarawa's Bonriki International Airport, outer island social development, health services and extensive support for the Kiribati Vocational Training Programme.

To modernize the telecommunications services and to expand the services, during third five-year plan ( 2023-2028 ), Telecommunication Department was converted into Telecommunications Development Board in B. S. 2026.

* Node ( networking ), a device such as a computer or switch attached to a computer or telecommunications network, or a point in a network topology where lines intersect

* Orange ( telecommunications ), a multinational telecommunications subsidiary of France Telecom

The primary form of telecommunications in the 1980s was local and long-distance telephone service administered by six regional bureaus: Beijing ( north region ), Shanghai ( east region ), Xi ' an ( northwest region ), Chengdu ( southwest region ), Wuhan ( centralsouth region ), and Shenyang ( northeast region ).

The Telecommunications Ordnance of 1994 created the Pakistan Telecommunication Authority ( PTA ), Pakistan's first independent telecommunications regulator, and the Pakistan Telecommunication Company Ltd ( PTCL ), a state-owned monopoly.

* Packet switching ( or packet-switched ), a form of telecommunications

As the United States never had a single nationalized telephone service ( or even the same firm for every part of a state ), and with the deregulation of its major telecommunications providers, there was no incentive to be consistent with the rest of the world.

The Three-Year Economic Salvation Programme ( 1990 – 1993 ), adopted by the Government of Sudan, emphasized the role of telecommunications in the socio-economic development process and called for the removal of the monopolistic environment in the sector and for the involvement of the private sector-whether local or foreign-in the telecommunication sector as well as in other sectors of the economy in an endeavour to overcome the persistent shortfalls in investment and performance.

Santiago's economy, although still heavily dependent in public administration ( headquarters of the autonomous government of Galicia ), cultural tourism and industry, an in its university, is becoming diversified in various sectors, most notably timber transformation ( FINSA ), automotive industry ( UROVESA ), and telecommunications and electronics ( Blusens and Televés ).

Australian telecommunications services were originally controlled by the Postmaster-General's Department ( PMG ), formed in 1901 as a result of Australian Federation, prior 1901 telecommunications were administered by each colony.