Since most Western economies are now considered " open " with free capital movement, this essentially means that central banks may target interest rates or exchange rates with credibility, but not both at once.

Since the feminist movement of the 1980s, some writers and publishers have been using the feminine title suffixes-in ( singular ) and-innen ( plural ) to emphasize the inclusion of females ; but written with a capital ' I ', to indicate that males are not excluded.

Since the beginning of Norman rule in the 12th century, the city has functioned as the capital in varying geopolitical entities: Lordship of Ireland ( 1171 – 1541 ), Kingdom of Ireland ( 1541 – 1800 ), island as part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( 1801 – 1922 ), and the Irish Republic ( 1919 – 1922 ).

Since capital goods and labor are highly heterogeneous ( i. e. they have different characteristics that pertain to physical productivity ), economic calculation requires a common basis for comparison for all forms of capital and labour.

Since capitalists purchase labour and capital out of the same common pool of available but scarce labor and capital, it is essential that their plans fit together in at least a semi-coherent fashion.

Since the capital resources of the Edinburgh merchants and landholder elite were insufficient, the company appealed to middling social ranks, who responded with patriotic fervour to the call for money ; the lower classes volunteered as colonists.

Since Indiana was first settled in its southern tier ( the state's first capital, Corydon, is in the south near the Ohio River ), it is hypothesized that the name was carried as the population expanded northward in the state.

* Since its 1824 renaming in his honor, the capital city of the West African country of Liberia has been named Monrovia.

Since the amount of physical capital affects MRP, and since financial capital flows can affect the amount of physical capital available, MRP and thus wages can be affected by financial capital flows within and between countries, and the degree of capital mobility within and between countries.

Since 1992 the nation has officially been governed as a constitutional democracy from its capital at Antananarivo.

Since the 1930s, all nations have closely monitored the inflow and outflow of capital, and most economists agree that a favorable balance of trade is desirable.

Since 2011, it has also produced news stories about the American Legislative Exchange Council as part of CMD's ALEC Exposed investigation and about Wisconsin's policy controversies, as CMD is located in the state's capital.

Since the 1st century AD Rome has been the seat of the Papacy and, after the end of Byzantine domination, in the 8th century it became the capital of the Papal States, which lasted until 1870.

Since 1996, the official capital of Tanzania has been Dodoma, where Parliament and some government offices are located.

Since then it has gone through a variety of changes, becoming the state capital of Romania in 1862 and steadily consolidating its position as the centre of the Romanian mass media, culture and arts.

Since Mycenae was the capital of a state that ruled, or dominated, much of the eastern Mediterranean world, the rulers must have placed their stronghold in this less populated and more remote region for its defensive value.

Since the 14th century, Vilnius had been the only official capital of the state.

Since the flow of services from ecosystems requires that they function as whole systems, the structure and diversity of the system are important components of natural capital.

Since social capital is readily available no matter the type of community, it is able to override more traditional queues for political engagement ( e. g., education, employment, civil skills, etc .…).

Since each firm has large initial costs, as the firm gains market share and increases its output the fixed cost ( what they initially invested ) is divided among a larger number of customers.

Since 1975, practically all the gains in household income have gone to the top 20 % of households ...

Since the parcel does work and gains no heat, it loses energy, and so its temperature decreases.

Since S * D * goods are imported, the government gains an area of C and E.

Since Evagoras was an enemy of Persia, and many of the Athenian gains threatened Persian interests, these developments prompted Artaxerxes to switch his support from Athens and her allies to Sparta.

Since corporate profits are taxed first at the corporate tax rate, they are taxed again when paid out as dividends ( or capital gains, which are a derivative of corporate profits ).

Since debt financing is often tax-deductible, companies are incentivized to borrow, thus reducing taxable income but leveraging the growth rate of profits and capital gains.

Since most other forms of income are taxable ( such as capital gains, dividends and interest income ), consumers are often advised to purchase life insurance policies to either offset future tax liabilities, or to shelter the growth of their investments from taxation.

Since the parcel does work but gains no heat, it loses internal energy so that its temperature decreases.

Since 1999, U of L has made the largest gains of any university in National Institutes of Health research ranking, with its NIH funding increasing 277 percent and its rank increasing 30 places.

Since a piece is always owned according to the territory it is in, a player whose piece is captured immediately gains control of the capturing piece.

Since the 1970s income inequality in the United States has been increasing, with the top 1 % experiencing significantly larger gains in income than the rest of society.

Since 7 December 2011, there is a 30 % tax on capital gains, with several exclusions and deductions ( e. g. agricultural land, primary residence, transfers between spouses ).

Since “ experiencing a quality is the most direct way to apprehend a quality ”, Mary gains acquaintance with color qualia after release.

Since the fishing industry and political gains are greater by continuing this dredging project, it is causing the southern island from the inlet to slowly disappear.

Since that time, the school has surpassed many of its previous gains, and is said to be undergoing a new renaissance.

Since these events predated the Kingdom of Portugal and the clergy's heritage marked a claim to significant strategical gains, Spain counterclaimed that the expedition was, in fact, theirs.

Since there is no capital gains tax in Mauritius, the gain will escape tax altogether.

Since its defeat, it gains sentience, dubbs itself Amazo-Maxi-Woman, and joins the heroes quest to stop Deadpool.

Since such migrants work for lower wages and often zero social insurance costs, the gain from labour migration flows is actually higher than the minimal gains calculated for legal flows ; accompanying side-effects are significant, however, and include political damage to the idea of immigration, lower unskilled wages for the host population, and increased policing costs alongside lower tax receipts.

He died from a heart attack in Shigatse at the age of 51, on 28 January, just five days after delivering a speech in Tibet in which he said: " Since liberation, there has certainly been development, but the price paid for this development has been greater than the gains.

Since tally sticks could be used to pay the taxes imposed by the king, he created a demand for tally sticks.

Since Mississippi ratified its constitution in 1890, with provisions such as poll taxes, residency requirements, and literacy tests, it made registration more complicated and stripped blacks from the polls.

Since Montmartre was outside the city limits, free of Paris taxes and no doubt also due to the fact that the local nuns made wine, the hill quickly became a popular drinking area.

Since all these were government projects funded with taxes and not classified for national security reasons, the datasets were in the public domain and freely usable without fees or licensing.

Since Zeno had left no money, Basiliscus was forced to levy heavy taxes.

Since the 1970s, some U. S. companies shifted towards the use of LIFO, which reduces their income taxes in times of inflation, but with International Financial Reporting Standards banning the use of LIFO, more companies have gone back to FIFO.

Since the income tax may be imposed on income from whatever source and without regard to any apportionment requirement ( by virtue of the wording of the 16th Amendment ), an income tax cannot be treated as a direct tax ( as income taxes on income from property were so treated in the Pollock case ).

Since bonds are loans, they must eventually be repaid — presumably by raising taxes in the future.

Since the completion of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System in 1977, the government of the state of Alaska has been reliant on taxes paid by oil producers and shippers.

Since 1704, the Prussian estates had de facto relinquished their right to approve the elector's taxes while formally still entitled to do so.

Since he needed parliament ’ s consent before he could increase taxes, he institutes a different application, he increases fines for criminals.

Since many fellahin wished to avoid paying taxes to the ailing regime and also were illiterate, many local mukhtars were able to collectively register village lands under their own name.

Since the elections in 2001, Venstre has enacted a so-called " tax stop " in order to halt the growth in taxes seen during the previous eight years under the Social Democrats.

Since the Collyer brothers never paid any of their bills, the property was repossessed by the City of New York in 1943 to pay back all of the income taxes that the Collyers owed the City.

Since the solidi circulating outside the empire were not used to pay taxes to the emperor they did not get reminted, and the soft pure-gold coins quickly became worn.

Chief Executive Officer Ted Torbeck was quoted in the Chambersburg Public Opinion newspaper on 2009-11-30 from Remington's most recent quarterly earnings conference call as saying " Since the U. S. presidential election, demand for ( ammunition ) has risen amidst concerns that the new administration will further restrict the use or purchase of firearms and ammunition and levy additional taxes on these products.

Since Canada has a progressive tax system, taxes are reduced at the highest marginal rate.

Since Mitterrand was distanced from these policies, Chirac began to reverse many of Mitterrand ’ s reforms by lowering taxes and privatising many national enterprises.

Since the proposed assembly would have no independent powers to vary taxes, it would be greatly restricted in its scope of operation, and this made it possible for the " no " campaign to play very plausibly on fears of an impotent new layer of bureaucracy.

Since tuition payments are not subject to the annual gift limitation, parents who are trying to minimize estate taxes may be better off making their annual gifts to another vehicle such as a Uniform Transfers to Minors Act ( UTMA ) account and then paying the tuition directly.

Since the 16th century, Samis have always paid taxes in monetary currency, and some historians have proposed that large scale husbandry is not older than from this period.

Since the colonists had no representation in Parliament the taxes violated the guaranteed Rights of Englishmen.

Since the year 1704, Francesc Davila, who probably was a leader of the Segona Germania who had escaped persecution, toured all the southern counties of Valencia explaining to the peasants that the Austrian pretender was ready to abolish all the rights of the Nobles to higher taxes than the ones imposed by Jaume I.

Since permission to decide civil and criminal cases before Jewish judges had been granted by the Spanish government, and since " the Christians, though they be well versed in law, know nothing of Jewish laws ," no Jew might plead before a Christian judge, whether religious or civil, except in cases where the taxes and imposts due to the ruler were in litigation, or where special permission was obtalned from the dayyan, or chief judge of the Aljama.

Since one of the main reasons for Federation was to create a common market, inevitably authority over these taxes was vested exclusively in the Commonwealth Parliament ( section 90 ).