For example, the tobacco industry has used the term " junk science " to describe research demonstrating the harmful effects of smoking and second-hand smoke, through the vehicle of various " astroturf groups ".

* Slides showing the effects of tobacco smoking on MAO at nida. nih. gov

During the second half of the 20th century, the adverse health effects of tobacco smoking started to become widely known and text-only health warnings became commonplace on cigarette packets.

Several authors of internet-hosted trip reports have claimed that smoking dried coleus leaves causes effects similar to smoking dried Salvia divinorum leaves, and the active compounds in the two plants may have similar chemical structures.

This may relate to abnormal citrullination of proteins, since the effects of smoking correlate with the presence of antibodies to citrullinated peptides.

They are consumed as an alternate delivery means to experience the effects of cannabinoids without smoking marijuana or hashish.

Whereas the effects from smoking cannabis are usually felt within a few minutes, it can take up to two hours to reach full effects after ingesting it.

It worked by heating and aerosolizing tobacco flavour and was intended to reduce or eliminate the unhealthy side effects associated with smoking, both to the smoker and to the people around the smoker.

Although stopping smoking can cause short-term side effects such as reversible weight gain, smoking cessation services and activities are cost-effective because of the positive health benefits.

It was the first medication approved as an aid to smoking cessation, and has very few side effects in small doses.

* Moclobemide has been tested in heavy dependent smokers against placebo based on the theory that tobacco smoking could be a form of self medicating of major depression, and moclobemide could therefore help increase abstinence rates due to moclobemide mimicking the MAO-A inhibiting effects of tobacco smoke.

Many claim that electronic cigarettes deliver the experience of smoking without the adverse health effects usually associated with tobacco smoke, or at least greatly reduce those risks.

Although there had always been an awareness of the negative health effects of smoking, it was not until the 1950s that evidence began to be published suggesting that cigarette smoking caused lung cancer and other diseases.

Therefore, proponents say, smoking bans exist to protect breathing people from the effects of second-hand smoke, which include an increased risk of heart disease, cancer, emphysema, and other diseases.

In June 2009, Buyer became the subject of some prime-time TV news attention when he likened the physical effects of smoking tobacco to those of smoking dried, rolled lettuce or grass when taking the floor against the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act.

A study into the effects of smoking on the incidence of pre-eclampsia in African-American women found a significantly lower incidence of pre-eclampsia with higher measured levels of nicotine.

Changing smoking behavior requires long term strategies, unlike the fight against communicable diseases which usually takes a shorter period for effects to be observed.

Conversely, it has been argued that emphasizing the harmful and undesirable effects of tobacco smoking on other persons and imposing smoking bans in public places have been particularly effective in reducing tobacco smoking.

In contrast, conventional hydroponics cannot use organic fertilizer because organic compounds in the hydroponic solution show phytotoxic effects.

* Glyphosate, a systemic nonselective herbicide, is used in no-till burndown and for weed control in crops genetically modified to resist its effects.

Organic weed management promotes weed suppression, rather than weed elimination, by enhancing crop competition and phytotoxic effects on weeds.

Broad beans however produce large seedlings, and will suffer far less profound effects of weed competition other than during periods of water shortage at the crucial time when the pods are filling out.

In traditional Chinese medicine, mile-a-minute weed is known as gangbangui (), and is valued for its diuretic, anti-inflammatory, and other effects.

In Alan Moore and Kevin O ' Neill's comic book series The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen, Volume II, which deals with the effects of the Martian invasion within a wider fictional context, the red weed is deliberately employed by the Martians as an anti-shipping weapon, in order to prevent Captain Nemo's submarine, the Nautilus, from providing effective resistance to the Martian invasion, after the Invisible Man warns them of the Nautilus.

In combat, Graz ' zt does not hesitate to use his spell-like abilities, favoring charm and domineering effects to turn enemies into allies, or unholy blights to weed out lawful and good foes.

Although the effects of the weeds that actually germinate after transfer via dung is debated, the fact that a large number of weed species are dispersed via this method is of concern to those interested in the survival of native plant species in Australia.

At the same time, the effects of the government ’ s affirmative action policies of the 1950s and ‘ 60s had been to create a discontented class of educated but underemployed Malays.

" in which he dealt with the debate between Karl Marx and Mikhail Bakunin at the First International and afterwards he suggested that " Libertarian marxism rejects determinism and fatalism, giving the greator place to individual will, intuition, imagination, reflex speeds, and to the deep instincts of the masses, which are more far-seeing in hours of crisis than the reasonings of the ‘ elites ’; libertarian marxism thinks of the effects of surprise, provocation and boldness, refuses to be cluttered and paralysed by a heavy ‘ scientific ’ apparatus, doesn ’ t equivocate or bluff, and guards itself from adventurism as much as from fear of the unknown.

Although those ‘ cold ’ emotions might be enough to show effects, they are qualitatively different from the ‘ hot ’ emotions often experienced during negotiations.

When it becomes possible for a people to describe as ‘ postmodern ’ the décor of a room, the design of a building, the diegesis of a film, the construction of a record, or a ‘ scratch ’ video, a television commercial, or an arts documentary, or the ‘ intertextual ’ relations between them, the layout of a page in a fashion magazine or critical journal, an anti-teleological tendency within epistemology, the attack on the ‘ metaphysics of presence ’, a general attenuation of feeling, the collective chagrin and morbid projections of a post-War generation of baby boomers confronting disillusioned middle-age, the ‘ predicament ’ of reflexivity, a group of rhetorical tropes, a proliferation of surfaces, a new phase in commodity fetishism, a fascination for images, codes and styles, a process of cultural, political or existential fragmentation and / or crisis, the ‘ de-centring ’ of the subject, an ‘ incredulity towards metanarratives ’, the replacement of unitary power axes by a plurality of power / discourse formations, the ‘ implosion of meaning ’, the collapse of cultural hierarchies, the dread engendered by the threat of nuclear self-destruction, the decline of the university, the functioning and effects of the new miniaturised technologies, broad societal and economic shifts into a ‘ media ’, ‘ consumer ’ or ‘ multinational ’ phase, a sense ( depending on who you read ) of ‘ placelessness ’ or the abandonment of placelessness (‘ critical regionalism ’) or ( even ) a generalised substitution of spatial for temporal coordinates-when it becomes possible to describe all these things as ‘ Postmodern ’ ( or more simply using a current abbreviation as ‘ post ’ or ‘ very post ’) then it ’ s clear we are in the presence of a buzzword.

James Sheptycki has analyzed the effects of the new information technologies on the organization of policing-intelligence and suggests that a number of ‘ organizational pathologies ’ have arisen that make the functioning of security-intelligence processes in transnational policing deeply problematic.

The doctrine was first articulated by the Supreme Court in Hester v. United States,, which stated that “ the special protection accorded by the Fourth Amendment to the people in their ‘ persons, houses, papers, and effects ,’ is not extended to the open fields.

" Language planning in the Val d ’ Aran: The recent work of the Conselh Generau d ’ Aran ’ s ‘ Oficina de Foment e Ensenhament der Aranés ’ and its effects on the Aranés-speaking population.

[...] We here define ‘ shape ’ informally as ‘ all the geometrical information that remains when location, scale and rotational effects are filtered out from an object .’

Aquaculture, also known as aquafarming, is the farming of aquatic organisms such as fish, crustaceans, molluscs and aquatic plants .< ref > Aquaculture ’ s growth continuing: improved management techniques can reduce environmental effects of the practice .( UPDATE ).

In 1996 Charlie Ellington at Cambridge University showed that vortices created by many insects ’ wings and non-linear effects were a vital source of lift ; vortices and non-linear phenomena are notoriously difficult areas of hydrodynamics, which has made for slow progress in theoretical understanding of insect flight.

It is closely linked with some of the other aspects already surveyed above, and may be of paramount importance in determining coercion ’ s effects and implications.

The low temperature during treatment is advantageous in that it doesn ’ t have any negative effects on the steel, such as annealing.

Currently, almost a quarter of the country ’ s most productive land remains unoccupied because of the lingering effects of the 1998 – 2000 war with Ethiopia.

The cap implies ennobling effects, as seen in its association with Homer ’ s Ulysses and the mythical twins, Castor and Pollux.

According to Ford ’ s The Modern Theologians, “ Mary Daly has done more than anyone to clarify the problems women have concerning the central core symbolism of Chrisianity, and its effects on their self-understanding and their relationship to God .”

By focusing on the positive aspects of the in-group ’ s actions rather than the harmful effects, collective guilt can be reduced.

The prefix of the Protector ’ s registration number NTE-3120 ostensibly alludes to some sort of similar space federation, but in reality stands for " Not The Enterprise ", according to visual effects co-supervisor Bill George in a 2000 interview with Cinefex magazine.

The effects of the disease are held at bay in Corvus ’ case because he holds one of the Tomes of Power, but he still must find a cure before he succumbs.

It appears to me, that the general conclusions established by Mesmer ’ s practice, with respect to the physical effects of the principle of imagination [...] are incomparably more curious than if he had actually demonstrated the existence of his boasted science " animal magnetism ": nor can I see any good reason why a physician, who admits the efficacy of the moral psychological agents employed by Mesmer, should, in the exercise of his profession, scruple to copy whatever processes are necessary for subjecting them to his command, any more than that he should hesitate about employing a new physical agent, such as electricity or galvanism.

Einstein ’ s general theory modifies the distinction between nominally " inertial " and " noninertial " effects by replacing special relativity's " flat " Euclidean geometry with a curved metric.

According to Kerry Gaynor, one of her former research assistants, " many felt Kirlian photography ’ s effects were just a natural occurrence.

As a result tourism has become Malaysia ’ s third largest source of income from foreign exchange, although it is threatened by the negative effects of the growing industrial economy, with large amounts of air and water pollution along with deforestation affecting tourism.

Commentators, as early as the Classical era, on have excused Noah ’ s excessive drinking because he was considered to be the first wine drinker, the first person to discover the soothing, consoling, and enlivening effects of wine.

Partner ’ s emotions can have two basic effects on negotiator ’ s emotions and behavior: mimetic / reciprocal or complementary.

Specific emotions were found to have different effects on the opponent ’ s feelings and strategies chosen:

Klein ( 1971 ) like Spergel studied the effects on members of social workers ’ interventions.

The anti-coca policies imposed in 1995 have had adverse effects on Peruvian ’ s household economies.