Category: Statistical mechanics

Statistical mechanics demonstrates that entropy is governed by probability, thus allowing for a decrease in disorder even in a closed system.

Category: Statistical mechanics

Statistical mechanics also provides ways to predict the properties we see in everyday life from molecular properties without relying on empirical correlations based on chemical similarities.

** Statistical mechanics

Category: Statistical mechanics

# REDIRECT Statistical mechanics

Category: Statistical mechanics

Statistical mechanics or statistical thermodynamics is a branch of physics that applies probability theory, which contains mathematical tools for dealing with large populations, to the study of the thermodynamic behavior of systems composed of a large number of particles.

Statistical mechanics provides a framework for relating the microscopic properties of individual atoms and molecules to the macroscopic bulk properties of materials that can be observed in everyday life, therefore explaining thermodynamics as a result of classical and quantum-mechanical description of statistics and mechanics at the microscopic level.

Statistical mechanics provides a molecular-level interpretation of macroscopic thermodynamic quantities such as work, heat, free energy, and entropy.

Statistical mechanics was initiated in 1870 with the work of Austrian physicist Ludwig Boltzmann, much of which was collectively published in Boltzmann's 1896 Lectures on Gas Theory.

Statistical mechanics provides a framework for relating the microscopic properties of individual atoms and molecules to the macroscopic or bulk properties of materials that can be observed in everyday life, therefore explaining thermodynamics as a natural result of statistics, classical mechanics, and quantum mechanics at the microscopic level.

One of the most important equations in Statistical mechanics ( analogous to in mechanics, or the Schroedinger equation in quantum mechanics ) is the definition of the partition function, which is essentially a weighted sum of all possible states available to a system.

Statistical mechanics can also describe work in non-linear dynamics, chaos theory, thermal physics, fluid dynamics ( particularly at high Knudsen numbers ), or plasma physics.

Statistical thermodynamics, also called statistical mechanics, emerged with the development of atomic and molecular theories in the second half of the 19th century and early 20th century.

Statistical mechanics contains another arrow of time, the Second Law of Thermodynamics ( see also the fluctuation theorem ).

In one of the forms in which probabilists now know this theorem, with its " dactylographic " typewriting monkeys (; the French word singe covers both the monkeys and the apes ), appeared in Émile Borel's 1913 article " Mécanique Statistique et Irréversibilité " ( Statistical mechanics and irreversibility ), and in his book " Le Hasard " in 1914.

Category: Statistical mechanics

Eventually responsibility for demographic inquiries in the Congo was transferred to the demographic division of the Central Statistical Office.

According to the National Statistical Service, during the January – August 2007 period, Armenia's industrial sector was the single largest contributor to the country's GDP, but remained largely stagnant with industrial output increasing only by 1. 7 percent per year.

According to the National Statistical Service, Armenia's trade deficit in 2006 was $ 1. 2 billion with growth in exports being largely flat.

According to estimates by the National Statistical Survey, the rate of labor emigration was twice as higher in 2001 and 2002.

The population was 8, 616 at the 2010 census and is part of the Battle Creek Metropolitan Statistical Area.

The turnover in this group is clearly marked at the species level .< ref > Statistical analysis of marine losses at this time suggests that the decrease in diversity was caused more by a sharp increase in extinctions than by a decrease in speciation .< ref > The K – T boundary record of dinoflagellates is not as well-understood, mainly because only microbial cysts provide a fossil record, and not all dinoflagellate species have cyst-forming stages, thereby likely causing diversity to be underestimated.

The Statistical Department of the Ministry of Finance conducted the first census in 1882, which considered as a preparatory step ; the first true population census was conducted in 1897.

Official decennial censuses have been taken in Hungary since 1870 ; the latest one – in line with the recommendations of the United Nations and the Statistical Office of the European Union – was carried out in 2001.

46 % replied, of which 93 % approved, and after some further revisions ( resulting in it being called DSM-I ), the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders was approved in 1951 and published in 1952.

The initial impetus was to make the DSM nomenclature consistent with the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems ( ICD ), published by the World Health Organization.

This was a concept which played a central role in the development of Taguchi methods by Genichi Taguchi, which took place during his visit to Indian Statistical Institute in early 1950s.

The United States Census Bureau estimates that in 2005 the population of the City of Fort Collins was 128, 026, the population of the Fort Collins-Loveland Metropolitan Statistical Area was 271, 927 ( 163rd most populous MSA ), and the population of the Front Range Urban Corridor was 4, 013, 055.

From 1970 activists protested the classification of homosexuality as a mental illness by the American Psychiatric Association in their Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, and in 1974 it was replaced with a category of " sexual orientation disturbance " then " ego-dystonic homosexuality ", which was also deleted, although " gender identity disorder " remains.

The sixth revision included morbidity and mortality conditions, and its title was modified to reflect the changes: International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Injuries and Causes of Death ( ICD ).

Under Section IX was The Statistical Research Centre War Office ( a cover name ), mobilised on September 1939 on the outbreak of war at War Station No X Bletchley Park, charged with breaking the German Enigma codes.

In 1952 homosexuality was listed as a pathological emotional disturbance in the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual.

Although these issues exist among lesbians, discussion about their causes shifted after homosexuality was removed from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual in 1973.

The population of its Metropolitan Statistical Area ( MSA ) was 464, 036, while the even larger Combined Statistical Area ( CSA ) population, which includes Shiawassee County, was 534, 684.

The 2010 population of the entire 13-county Nashville metropolitan area was 1, 589, 934, making it the largest Metropolitan Statistical Area in the state.

An explanation using a fishing analogy can be found in Trout, Catfish and Roach which won an award from the Royal Statistical Society for excellence in official statistics in 2011.

Statistical approaches, using for example Monte Carlo methods, are also possible.

Statistical theory provides a guide to comparing methods of data collection, where the problem is to generate informative data using optimization and randomization while measuring and controlling for observational error.

* The banyan tree is used as an example of interdependence by Sir Mark Moody Stuart of Royal Dutch Shell in the critically acclaimed and award-winning documentary The Corporation when he says that “ even someone living under a banyan tree is dependent upon support from someone and economic lack has to be addressed by everyone .” The film explores corporate wrongdoing and malfeasance through the psychiatric evaluation of the Corporation as a person, concluding that using criteria from the American Psychological Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders the Corporation would be considered a psychopath, given its pervasive pattern of disregard for, or violations of, the rights of others.

Based on a survey of 9, 282 Americans using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, impulse-control problems such as gambling, pyromania and compulsive shopping collectively affect 9 % of the population.

* C. Michael Hogan, Leda C. Patmore and Harry Seidman ( 1973 ) Statistical Prediction of Dynamic Thermal Equilibrium Temperatures using Standard Meteorological Data Bases, Second Edition ( EPA-660 / 2-73-003 2006 ) United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development, Washington DC

An example of a probabilistic CFG parser that has been trained using the Penn Treebank is the Stanford Statistical Parser of Klein and Manning, downloadable at http :// nlp. stanford. edu / software / lex-parser. shtml

Statistical analysis of equal opportunity has been done using sophisticated examinations of computer databases.

Statistical analysis and concerns about degrees of freedom are the primary reasons for using MID's instead of actual wars.

Statistical analysis ( often using a technique called statistical parametric mapping ) is often needed so that the different sources of activation within the brain can be distinguished from one another.

In this position he became increasingly interested in using statistics towards agricultural questions, and one of his first published papers to the Royal Statistical Society involved studying crop productivity using factor analysis.

Statistical parametric mapping or SPM is a statistical technique created by Karl Friston for examining differences in brain activity recorded during functional neuroimaging experiments using neuroimaging technologies such as fMRI or PET.

Statistical science is concerned with the planning of studies, especially with the design of randomized experiments and with the planning of surveys using random sampling.

Subsequent research done by the Indian Statistical Institute using statistically valid samples and crop cutting showed large errors, with survey estimates being between 47 % and 153 % of the official estimate.

Three main classes of tropical cyclone guidance models exist: Statistical models are based on an analysis of storm behavior using climatology, and correlate a storm's position and date to produce a forecast that is not based on the physics of the atmosphere at the time.

Following the war, Walker served on the editorial staff of the Springfield Republican before using his family and military connections to gain appointment as the Chief of the Bureau of Statistics from 1869 to 1870 and Superintendent of the 1870 census where he published an award-winning Statistical Atlas visualizing the data for the first time.

Statistical Prediction of Dynamic Thermal Equilibrium Temperatures using Standard Meteorological Data Bases.