The extinction of the Medici dynasty and the accession in 1737 of Francis Stephen, duke of Lorraine and husband of Maria Theresa of Austria, led to Tuscany's temporary inclusion in the territories of the Austrian crown.

Francis Stephen, the duke of Lorraine, was given the Grand Duchy of Tuscany in compensation for the loss of Lorraine.

While he cared little for who should become King of Poland, the cause of protecting the King's father-in-law was a sympathetic one, and he hoped to use the war as a means of humbling the Austrians, and perhaps securing the long-desired Duchy of Lorraine from its duke, Francis Stephen, who was expected to marry Emperor Charles's daughter Maria Theresa, which would bring Austrian power dangerously close to the French border.

Augustus was confirmed as king of Poland, Stanisław was compensated with Lorraine ( which would pass on his death, through his daughter, to the French ), while the former Duke of Lorraine, Francis Stephen, was made heir to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany.

* September 12 – Francis Howell High School ( Howell Institute ) in St. Charles, Missouri, and Stephen F. Austin High School in Austin, Texas open on the same day, putting them in a tie for the title of the oldest public high school west of the Mississippi River.

Maria Theresa and Francis Stephen at their wedding breakfast, by Martin van Meytens.

Leopold Clement's younger brother, Francis Stephen, was invited to Vienna.

Even though Francis Stephen was his favourite candidate for Maria Theresa's hand, the Emperor considered other possibilities.

Maria Theresa, who had become close to Francis Stephen, was relieved.

Francis Stephen remained at the imperial court until 1729, when he ascended the throne of Lorraine, but was not formally promised Maria Theresa's hand until 31 January 1736, during the War of the Polish Succession.

Francis Stephen was to receive the Grand Duchy of Tuscany upon the death of childless Grand Duke Gian Gastone de ' Medici.

Upon Gian Gastone's death on 9 July 1737, Francis Stephen ceded Lorraine and became Grand Duke of Tuscany.

Francis Stephen was popularly despised, as he was thought to be a cowardly French spy.

However, Francis Stephen did not possess enough land or rank within the Holy Roman Empire.

In order to make him eligible for the imperial throne and to enable him to vote in the imperial elections as elector of Bohemia ( which she couldn't due to her gender ), Maria Theresa made Francis Stephen co-ruler of the Austrian and Bohemian lands on 21 November 1740.

However, it took more than a year for the Diet of Hungary to accept Francis Stephen as co-ruler.

The Lorraine duke Francis Stephen, betrothed to the Emperor's daughter Archduchess Maria Theresa, was compensated with the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, where the last Medici ruler had recently died without issue.

Her father had been Holy Roman Emperor, but Maria Theresa was not a candidate for that title, which had never been held by a woman ; the plan was for her to succeed to the hereditary domains, and her husband, Francis Stephen, to be elected Holy Roman Emperor.

The French in the meantime had stormed Prague on 26 November 1741, Francis Stephen, husband of Maria Theresa, who commanded the Austrians in Bohemia, moving too slowly to save the fortress.

Among the more prominent deacons in history are Phoebe, the only person actually called " deacon " in Scripture ; Stephen, the first Christian martyr ( the " protomartyr "); Philip, whose baptism of the Ethiopian eunuch is recounted in ; Saint Lawrence, an early Roman martyr ; Saint Vincent of Saragossa, protomartyr of Spain ; Saint Francis of Assisi, founder of the mendicant Franciscans ; Saint Ephrem the Syrian and Saint Romanos the Melodist, a prominent early hymnographer.

The victims were: Stephen McCann ( 21 ), a Queen's University student murdered on 30 October 1976 ; Joseph Morrissey ( 52 ), killed on 3 February 1977 ; and Francis Cassidy ( 43 ), a dock-worker who died on 30 March 1977.

The vision and enthusiasm of a few initiators must be mentioned: painters Francis Cunningham and Allen Barber, director Torben Bjelke, Dave Brubeck and sons ( who gave us two benefit concerts ), Kevin Kennedy ( who owned the camp ), and, of course Bond Streeters all: Mary Dino, David Feder, Stephen Ringold, Luanne Dietrich, Fred Collins, Marlene Abraham, Michael McGuigan, and Directors Joanna Sherman and Patrick Sciarratta.

Francis I ( Francis Stephen ; 8 December 1708 – 18 August 1765 ) was Holy Roman Emperor and Grand Duke of Tuscany, though his wife effectively executed the real powers of those positions.

Sir Francis Walsingham, Secretary of State ( England ) | Principal Secretary 1573 – 1590.

Mary may not have been told of every Catholic plot to put her on the English throne, but from the Ridolfi Plot of 1571 ( which caused Mary's suitor, the Duke of Norfolk, to lose his head ) to the Babington Plot of 1586, Elizabeth's spymaster Sir Francis Walsingham and the royal council keenly assembled a case against her.

To the dismay of Catholic Europe, England exported tin and lead ( for cannon-casting ) and ammunitions to the Ottoman Empire, and Elizabeth seriously discussed joint military operations with Murad III during the outbreak of war with Spain in 1585, as Francis Walsingham was lobbying for a direct Ottoman military involvement against the common Spanish enemy.

With the exception of Lord Burghley, the most important politicians had died around 1590: The Earl of Leicester in 1588, Sir Francis Walsingham in 1590, Sir Christopher Hatton in 1591.

On 23 March 1581 Sir Francis Walsingham advised the Earl of Huntingdon that two days earlier Anne Vavasour, one of the Queen's Maids of Honour, had given birth to a son, and that " the Earl of Oxford is avowed to be the father, who hath withdrawn himself with intent, as it is thought, to pass the seas ".

More recently, spies played a significant part in Elizabethan England ( see Francis Walsingham ).

Through the influence of Francis Walsingham, Andrewes was appointed prebendary of St Pancras in St Paul's, London, in 1589, and subsequently became Master of his own college of Pembroke, as well as a chaplain of Archbishop John Whitgift.

To the dismay of Catholic Europe, England exported tin and lead ( for cannon-casting ) and ammunitions to the Ottoman Empire, and Elizabeth seriously discussed joint military operations with Murad III during the outbreak of war with Spain in 1585, as Francis Walsingham was lobbying for a direct Ottoman military involvement against the common Spanish enemy.

* April 6 – Francis Walsingham, English spymaster ( b. 1530 )

Another major conspiracy was the Babington Plot-the event which most directly led to Mary's execution, the discovery of which involved a double agent Gilbert Gifford acting under the direction of Francis Walsingham, the Queen's highly effective spy master.

In 1590 he married Frances Walsingham, daughter of Sir Francis Walsingham and widow of Sir Philip Sidney, by whom he was to have several children, three of whom survived into adulthood.

Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester was one of Elizabeth's leading statesmen, involved in domestic as well as foreign politics alongside William Cecil and Francis Walsingham.

Even her movements could pose a political problem, as Francis Walsingham explained: " I see not her Majesty disposed to use the services of my Lord of Leicester.

After Throckmorton's death in 1571 there quickly evolved a political alliance between the Earl of Leicester and Sir Francis Walsingham, soon to be Secretary of State.

Sir Francis Walsingham, who trapped Mary, Queen of Scots | Mary Stuart in the Babington Plot.

Sir Francis Walsingham ( c. 1532 – 6 April 1590 ) was principal secretary to Queen Elizabeth I of England from 20 December 1573 until his death, and is popularly remembered as her " spymaster ".

Francis Walsingham was born in or about 1532, probably at Foots Cray, near Chislehurst, Kent.

Francis Walsingham matriculated at King's College, Cambridge, in 1548 with many other Protestants but as an undergraduate of high social status did not sit for a degree.

Mary I died in 1558, and she was succeeded by her Protestant half-sister Elizabeth I. Walsingham returned to England, and through the support of one of his fellow former exiles, Francis Russell, 2nd Earl of Bedford, he was elected to Elizabeth's first parliament as the member for Bossiney, Cornwall, in 1559

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