The extinction of the Medici dynasty and the accession in 1737 of Francis Stephen, duke of Lorraine and husband of Maria Theresa of Austria, led to Tuscany's temporary inclusion in the territories of the Austrian crown.

Francis Stephen, the duke of Lorraine, was given the Grand Duchy of Tuscany in compensation for the loss of Lorraine.

While he cared little for who should become King of Poland, the cause of protecting the King's father-in-law was a sympathetic one, and he hoped to use the war as a means of humbling the Austrians, and perhaps securing the long-desired Duchy of Lorraine from its duke, Francis Stephen, who was expected to marry Emperor Charles's daughter Maria Theresa, which would bring Austrian power dangerously close to the French border.

* Gothelo I, duke of Lorraine

* January 25 – Godfrey I of Leuven, duke of Lower Lorraine

The arrival of Conrad, the exiled duke of Lotharingia ( Lorraine ) and Otto's son-in-law, was particularly heartening because he had recently thrown in his lot with the Magyars, but now returned to fight under Otto ; in the ensuing battle he lost his life.

Upper Lorraine was first denominated as the Duchy of the Moselle, both in charters and narrative sources, and its duke was the dux Mosellanorum.

The Burgundian duke Charles the Bold in 1475 campaigned for the Duchy of Lorraine, but finally was defeated and killed at the 1477 Battle of Nancy.

In addition to attempting to restore his father-in-law Stanisław Leszczyński to the Polish throne, the king also hoped to wrest the long-coveted duchy of Lorraine from its duke, Francis III.

" The sauce may have been christened mayennaise after Charles de Lorraine, duke of Mayenne, because he took the time to finish his meal of chicken with cold sauce before being defeated in the Battle of Arques.

Francis of Lorraine, duke of Guise. Pencil portrait by François Clouet.

Claude Deruet, painter to the duke of Lorraine, kept him as assistant for a year ; and at Nancy he painted architectural subjects on the ceiling of the Carmelite church.

His title as duke of Lorraine was confirmed by his suzerain, Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund, at Basel in 1434.

The Place Stanislas named after the king of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and duke of Lorraine Stanisław Leszczyński, Place de la Carrière, and Place d ' Alliance were added on the World Heritage Sites list by the UNESCO in 1983.

* Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor ( 1708 – 1765 ), duke of Lorraine and later Holy Roman Emperor

Francis was born in Nancy, Lorraine ( now in France ), the oldest surviving son of Leopold Joseph, duke of Lorraine, and his wife Élisabeth Charlotte d ' Orléans, daughter of Philippe, duc d ' Orléans.

The House of Guise was founded as a cadet branch of the House of Lorraine by Claude of Lorraine, first Duke of Guise ( 1496 – 1550 ), who entered French service and was made a duke by King Francis I.

After an apparent conciliation between the French king and the duke, in December of 1588 King Henry III had both the Duke of Guise and his brother, Louis of Lorraine, Cardinal of Guise ( 1555 – 1588 ), murdered during a meeting in the Royal Chateau at Blois.

In the Middle Ages, the ruling family came to have the rank of duke and so the town was the seat of the Duchy of Limburg, which was a part of the Lower Lorraine region of the Holy Roman Empire.

In 959 the Lotharingian duke Bruno the Great divided the duchy between Lotharingia superior ( Upper Lorraine ) and Lotharingia inferior ( Lower Lorraine ), giving each to the rule of a margrave.

* Francis II, Duke of Lorraine ( 1572 – 1632 )

After 1806 he used the titles: " We, Francis the First, by the grace of God Emperor of Austria ; King of Jerusalem, Hungary, Bohemia, Dalmatia, Croatia, Slavonia, Galicia and Lodomeria ; Archduke of Austria ; Duke of Lorraine, Salzburg, Würzburg, Franconia, Styria, Carinthia and Carniola ; Grand Duke of Cracow ; Grand Prince of Transylvania ; Margrave of Moravia ; Duke of Sandomir, Masovia, Lublin, Upper and Lower Silesia, Auschwitz and Zator, Teschen and Friule ; Prince of Berchtesgaden and Mergentheim ; Princely Count of Habsburg, Gorizia and Gradisca and of the Tirol ; and Margrave of Upper and Lower Lusatia and in Istria ", President of the German Confederation.

Augustus was confirmed as king of Poland, Stanisław was compensated with Lorraine ( which would pass on his death, through his daughter, to the French ), while the former Duke of Lorraine, Francis Stephen, was made heir to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany.

* February 27 – Francis II, Duke of Lorraine ( d. 1632 )

* June 12 – Francis I, Duke of Lorraine ( b. 1517 )

* August 23 – Francis I, Duke of Lorraine ( d. 1545 )

In what has been called a coup d ' état, the Cardinal of Lorraine and the Duke of Guise — whose niece, Mary, Queen of Scots, had married Francis the year before — seized power the day after Henry II's death and quickly moved themselves into the Louvre with the young couple.

At the age of 12 ( 1527 ), Anne was betrothed to Francis, son and heir of the Duke of Lorraine while he was only 10.

The marriage was annulled on 9 July 1540, on the grounds of non-consummation and her pre-contract to Francis of Lorraine.

Francis Stephen remained at the imperial court until 1729, when he ascended the throne of Lorraine, but was not formally promised Maria Theresa's hand until 31 January 1736, during the War of the Polish Succession.

Upon Gian Gastone's death on 9 July 1737, Francis Stephen ceded Lorraine and became Grand Duke of Tuscany.

By the Treaty of Vienna ( November 1738 ), Stanisław was compensated for the loss of his Polish throne with the duchy of Lorraine, which would eventually pass to King Louis as his son-in-law, while Duke Francis III of Lorraine was made heir to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany as compensation for the loss of Lorraine.

It was arranged that Thomas Francis, as son of a reigning monarch, would hold the rank of first among the princes étrangers at the French court —- taking precedence even before the formerly all-powerful House of Guise, whose kinship to the sovereign Duke of Lorraine was more remote.

Late in the year, the refugee Charles IV, Duke of Lorraine arrived in Brussels and met Thomas Francis ; they may have formed a joint court, and Thomas certainly participated in jousts organised by the Duke.

The two oldest brothers of this old noble family already had major roles during Henry II reign: Francis, Duke of Guise was one of the most famous military commander in the royal army and Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine was part of the most important negotiations and matters of the kingdom.

On September 21, 1559, Francis II was consecrated king in Reims by the Cardinal of Lorraine.

He was a cardinal presbyter, with the titulus of San Crisogono ( the same titulus as Cardinal Frederick of Lorraine, later Pope Stephen IX ), chosen by Pope Zachary in 745.

To some extent the office of rector has evolved into more of a figurehead role, with a significant number of celebrities and personalities elected as rectors, such as Stephen Fry and Lorraine Kelly at Dundee, Clarissa Dickson Wright at Aberdeen, and John Cleese and Frank Muir at St. Andrews, and political figures, such as Mordechai Vanunu at Glasgow.

When his elder brother Francis Stephen, Duke of Lorraine, married the Archduchess Maria Theresa, daughter of Emperor Charles VI, Charles Alexander entered the Imperial service in 1737.

However, in 1735, as part of a territorial arrangement, the European powers appointed Francis Stephen of Lorraine as heir, and he duly ascended the Tuscan throne in her stead.

She married Charles of Lorraine, brother of Maria Theresia's husband, Emperor Franz I Stephen.

He had stormy relations with the episcopates of his realm: fighting with Stephen of Bar, bishop of Metz, and Adalberon, archbishop of Trier, both allies of the count of Bar, whose claim to Lorraine against Simon's father had been quashed by Henry V's father Henry IV.

Francis Stephen of Lorraine, a cognatic descendant of the Medici, succeeded the family and ascended the throne of his Medicean ancestors.

He capitulated to foreign demands, and instead of endorsing the claim to the throne of his closest male relative, the Prince of Ottaiano, he allowed Tuscany to be bestowed upon Francis Stephen of Lorraine.

Soon after, Francis Stephen of Lorraine became heir to the Tuscan throne.

Gian Gastone, the last Medici, resigned the grand duchy to Francis Stephen of Lorraine.

Maximilian III promised to support the imperial candidacy of Maria Theresa's husband, Francis Stephen of Lorraine, and to influence the votes of the Electoral Palatinate and the Electorate of Cologne, both ruled by the Wittelsbach.

The male line of the Habsburgs having died out with Maria Theresia's father Karl VI, through her marriage to Franz Stephen of Lorraine ( Lothringen ) the family became the House of Habsburg-Lorraine.

She married Charles of Lorraine, brother of Maria Theresia's husband, Emperor Franz I Stephen.

Renaud III ( c. 1093 – 1148 ), son of Stephen I ( Tête-hardi ) and Beatrix of Lorraine, was the count of Burgundy between 1127 and 1148.

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