Zanzibar was settled as a trading hub, subsequently controlled by the Portuguese, the Sultanate of Oman, and then as a British protectorate by the end of the nineteenth century.

While the Belgian interest soon concentrated on the Congo River, the British and Germans focused on Eastern Africa and in 1886 partitioned continental East Africa between themselves ; the Sultanate of Zanzibar, now reduced to the islands of Zanzibar and Pemba, remained independent, for the moment.

In 1698, Zanzibar fell under the control of the Sultanate of Oman, which developed an economy of trade and cash crops with a ruling Arab elite.

* Hatice Uğur, Osmanlı Afrikası ' nda Bir Sultanlık: Zengibar ( Zanzibar as a Sultanate in the Ottoman Africa ), İstanbul: Küre Yayınları, 2005. kureyayinlari. com For its English version, see Boun. edu

In Europe, meanwhile, diplomats partitioning the African continent worked out an agreement whereby Britain, in order to obtain the Sultanate of Zanzibar, ceded its rights over Heligoland to Germany and renounced all claims to civilize Madagascar in favor of France.

In 1698, the town came under the influence of the Sultanate of Oman, subordinate to the Omani rulers on Zanzibar Island, prompting regular local rebellions.

From 1836 until 1861, parts of Jubaland were claimed by the Sultanate of Muscat ( now in Oman ), when the new Sultanate of Zanzibar was split from Muscat and Oman and given control of its East African territories.

On 7 November 1890, Zanzibar became a British protectorate, and on 1 July 1895, the Sultanate ceded all of its coastal possessions in continental East Africa to Britain.

* In the Sultanate of Zanzibar, the second ' homeland ' of the Omani dynasty, since 1913.

Both rulers had signed the protectorate treaties to advance their own expansionist objectives, with Kenadid looking to use Italy's support in his dispute with the Sultan of Zanzibar over an area bordering Warsheekh, in addition to his ongoing power struggle over the Majeerteen Sultanate with Boqor Osman.

Former capital of the Zanzibar Sultanate, and flourishing centre of the spice trade as well as the slave trade in the 19th century, it retained its importance as the main city of Zanzibar during the period of the British protectorate.

At the time, the Zanzibar Archipelago was controlled by the Sultanate of Oman.

In 1840, Sultan Said bin Sultan moved his seat from Muscat, Oman, to Stone Town, which thus entered an era of quick development as the new capital of the Sultanate of Oman and Zanzibar.

In eastern Africa the imperialist and “ man-of-action ” Karl Peters accumulated vast tracts of land for his colonization group, " emerging from the bush with X-marks by unlettered tribal chiefs on documents ... for some 60 thousand square miles of the Zanzibar Sultanate ’ s mainland property.

The Imperial British East Africa Company obtained a concession in 1887 to administer this area, from Sultan Bargash of the Sultanate of Zanzibar.

The situation was made more difficult in 1892 when Britain declared the Sultanate of Zanzibar part of the Congo Free Trade Zone and thus depriving the company of import duties.

Both rulers had signed the protectorate treaties to advance their own expansionist objectives, with Kenadid looking to use Italy's support in his dispute with the Sultan of Zanzibar over an area bordering Warsheikh, in addition to his ongoing power struggle over the Majeerteen Sultanate with Boqor Osman.

* Order of the Praiseworthy, 1st Class in brilliants of the Sultanate of Zanzibar

In exchange, Germany handed over to Britain the protectorate over the small sultanate of Wituland ( Deutsch-Witu, on the Kenyan coast ) and parts of East Africa vital for the British to build a railway to Lake Victoria, and pledged not to interfere with British actions vis-à-vis the Sultanate of Zanzibar ( i. e. the islands of Unguja and Pemba ).

From 1836 until 1861, Kismayo and other parts of Jubaland were claimed by the Sultanate of Muscat ( now in Oman ), when the new Sultanate of Zanzibar was split from Muscat and Oman and given control of its East African territories.

The Hindu Vijayanagar Empire came into conflict with the Islamic Bahmani Sultanate, and the clashing of the two systems caused a mingling of the indigenous and foreign cultures that left lasting cultural influences on each other.

Mindanao has been the seat of two sultanates namely the Sultanate of Sulu and the Sultanate of Maguindanao along with the most hispanized city in Asia, a considerable number of Buddhist and Taoist temples and the indigenous tribes known as Lumad people which makes it more diverse.

The relatively recent name of " Muscat and Oman " ( which was abolished in 1970 in favor of " Sultanate of Oman "), implies two historically irreconcilable political cultures: the coastal tradition, the more cosmopolitan, secular, Muscat tradition of the coast ruled by the sultan ; and the interior tradition of insularity, tribal in origin and ruled by an imam according to the ideological tenets of Ibadism.

This name is given because this city was ruined two times by Bahmani Sultanate.

Since the 14th century the Deccan ( Southern Peninsular region of India ) was divided into two entities: on the one side stood the Muslim Bahmani Sultanate and on the other stood the Hindu kings rallied around the Vijayanagara Empire.

The British establishment of Singapore on the Malaya Peninsula in 1819 by Sir Stamford Raffles exacerbated the tension between the two nations, especially as the Dutch claimed that the treaty signed between Raffles and the Sultan of Johore was invalid, and that the Sultanate of Johore was under the Dutch sphere of influence.

He defeated the Adilshahi ( Sultanate of Bijapur ) and Qutubshahi ( Sultanate of Golconda ) empires, acquiring two generals, Mukarrabkhan and Sarjakhan, from Qutubshahi and Adilshahi empires respectively.

The Bahmani Sultanate, located in the northern Deccan, lasted for almost two centuries, until it fragmented into five smaller states, known as the Deccan sultanates ( Bijapur, Golconda, Ahmednagar, Berar, and Bidar ) in 1527.

In order to attack Damietta in Egypt, they allied in Anatolia with the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm which attacked the Ayyubids in Syria in an attempt to free the Crusaders from fighting on two fronts.

There are two main social classes in Royal Sultanate of Sulu:

Following this there were two other expeditions from the Khilji Sultanate in 1314 AD led by Khusro Khan ( later Sultan Nasir-ud-din ) and in 1323 AD by Ulugh Khan ( later Sultan Muhammad bin Tughluq ) under Sultan Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq.

Iltutmish introduced the silver tanka and the copper jital-the two basic coins of the Sultanate period, with a standard weight of 175 grains.

It divided the old Johor Sultanate into two new Sultanates: the new Sultanate of Johor, which would be under the British sphere of influence, and the Sultanate of Riau – Lingga under Dutch influence.

These two communities were the backbone of most Malay kingdoms from the time of Srivijaya to the Sultanate of Johor.

Al-Nasir tried to arrest Baibars and Salar but when he failed he calculated that by being in Al Kark, faraway from their eyes, he would be able to make new alliances with the Sultanate deputies in the Levant who could offer him support against the two Emirs when he return later to Egypt.

We have two inscriptions-one of Hussain Shah, and another of his son Mahmud Shah, found respectively at Kaliganj and Suprakandi, to show that Bengal Sultanate had complete sway over this entire region.

A comparison of the two maps in Margary Perham, The Government of Ethiopia shows that Hararghe was created by combining the Aussa Sultanate, the lands of the Issa, and the Ogaden, with the 1935 provinces of Chercher and Harar.

Goripalayam Mosque is a large mosque in Goripalayam ( part of Madurai City ) containing two tombs of Delhi sultans of the Madurai Sultanate.

In the year 1789, Tipu Sultan ruler of the Sultanate of Mysore sent an embassy to the Ottoman capitol of Istanbul, to Sultan Abdul Hamid I requesting urgent assistance against the British East India Company and had proposed an offensive and defensive consortium ; Sultan Abdul Hamid I, informed the ambassadors of the Sultanate of Mysore that the Ottoman Empire was still recuperating from the Austro-Ottoman War and the Russo-Turkish Wars.

The Sultanate of Brunei, during its golden age from the 15th century to the 17th century, ruled a large part of northern Borneo.

In 1703 ( other sources say 1658 ), the Sultanate of Sulu received North Borneo from the Sultan of Brunei, after Sulu sent aid against a rebellion in Brunei.

The area became a focal point of conflict between Christianity and Islam between 1096 and 1291 and from the end of the Crusades until the British conquest in 1917 was part of the Syrian province of first the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt and then ( from 1517 ) the Ottoman Empire.

Muslim rule in the subcontinent began in 8th century CE when the Arab general Muhammad bin Qasim conquered Sindh and Multan in southern Punjab in modern day Pakistan, setting the stage for several successive invasions from Central Asia between the 10th and 15th centuries CE, leading to the formation of Muslim empires in the Indian subcontinent such as the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal Empire.

The Kingdom of Sunda made an alliance treaty with Portugal by allowing the Portuguese to build a port in 1522 in order to defend against the rising power of the Sultanate of Demak from central Java.

Through the relationship with Prince Jayawikarta from the Sultanate of Banten, Dutch ships arrived in Jayakarta in 1596.

Mindanao is named after the Maguindanaons who constituted the largest Sultanate historically, and evidence from maps made during the 17th and 18th centuries suggests that the name was used to refer to the island by natives at the time.

Kosovo's Embassy in London received the letter from the Sultanate of Oman which paves the way for their establishment of diplomatic relations with the Republic of Kosovo.

On 20 September 2011, the Prime Minister of the Republic of Kosovo, Hashim Thaçi and the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Enver Hoxhaj after Serbian speculation for the recognition received confirmation from the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Sultanate of Oman, Yusuf bin Alawi bin Abdullah of full recognition of the independence of Kosovo.

The Dhofar Rebellion was launched in the province of Dhofar against the Sultanate of Muscat and Oman and United Kingdom from 1962 to 1975.

The Sultanate of Mogadishu became the center of Islam on the East African coast, and Somali merchants established a colony in Mozambique to extract gold from the Monomopatan mines in Sofala.

The Adal Sultanate was now a center of a commercial empire stretching from Cape Guardafui to Hadiya.

The Sultanate of Hobyo was different from that of the Majeerteen in terms of its geography and the pattern of the territory.

The peninsula was governed as part of Egypt under the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt from 1260 until 1517, when the Ottoman Sultan, Selim the Grim, defeated the Egyptians at the Battles of Marj Dabiq and al-Raydaniyya, and incorporated Egypt into the Ottoman Empire.

In Oman, TheWeek is a free, 48-page, all-colour, independent weekly published from Muscat in the Sultanate of Oman.

On 31 March 2009, Uzbekistan and the Sultanate of Oman agreed upon a legal framework that protects Omani investments in central Asia and guarantees trade from both nations is free from double taxation.

* The Byzantine general Philocales captures Sardis from the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm.

* The Samma Dynasty in Sindh ( now part of Pakistan ) breaks away from the Delhi Sultanate.

The Sultanate then establishes rule from Johor, starting decades of skirmishes against the Portuguese to regain the fallen city.

* Qutb-ud-din Aybak, a Turkish mameluke from Central Asia proclaims the Mameluk dynasty in India, the first dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate.

Beginning in 1202, a military commander from the Delhi Sultanate, Bakhtiar Khilji, overran Bihar and Bengal as far east as Rangpur, Bogra and the Brahmaputra River.