Northumbria played an important role in the formation of Insular art, a unique style combining Anglo-Saxon, Celtic, Pictish, Byzantine and other elements, producing works such as the Lindisfarne Gospels, St Cuthbert Gospel, the Ruthwell Cross and Bewcastle Cross, and later the Book of Kells, which was probably created at Iona.

The devastating Viking raid on Lindisfarne in 793 marked the beginning of a century of Viking invasions that severely checked all Anglo-Saxon culture, and heralded the end of Northumbria's position as a centre of influence, although in the years immediately following confident works like the Easby Cross were still being produced.

Anglo-Saxon crosses were typically more slender, and often nearly square in section, though when, as with the Ruthwell Cross and Bewcastle Cross, they were geographically close to areas of the Celtic Church, they seem to have been larger, perhaps to meet local expectations, and the two 9th century Mercian Sandbach Crosses are the largest up to that period from anywhere.

* The Anglo-Saxon Ruthwell Cross from Scotland, 8th century, with relatively large figures.

* The Anglo-Saxon Bewcastle Cross Northumbrian

In 1818, Dr. Duncan restored the Ruthwell Cross, one of the finest Anglo-Saxon crosses in the United Kingdom, now in Ruthwell church, which had been broken up in the Scottish Reformation.

It was an 18 foot, free standing, Anglo-Saxon Cross, perhaps intended as a " conversion tool ".

Other stone crosses are found in the former Northumbria and Scotland, and further south in England, where they merge with the similar Anglo-Saxon cross making tradition, in the Ruthwell Cross for example.

* Anglo-Saxon Cross, from c. 870, located in St. Werburghs churchyard.

Two Anglo-Saxon vine scrollwork | scrolls on the Lowther Cross

Continuous vine scrolls in a great variety of designs of the same general type as the central motif, with few leaves and round fruits, were very common in slightly later religious Anglo-Saxon art, and are often combined with interlace in the same work, especially on Anglo-Saxon crosses, for example the Bewcastle Cross and the Easby Cross now in the Victoria and Albert Museum.

There is evidence of Anglo-Saxon settlement within the Low Bradfield area with the discovery in 1870 of an Anglo-Saxon cross in a field near the site of the former Cross Inn not far from the village centre.

Upon hearing Douglas's report, David II led the Scottish army to high ground at Neville's Cross ( site of an old Anglo-Saxon stone cross ), where he prepared his army for battle.

The Anglo-Saxon cross is not to be confused with the market cross near the church, the current version of which was erected in 1902 and is known as " St Armstrong's Cross " as it was paid for by Lady Armstrong, widow of Lord Armstrong of Cragside.

* Ivory: Nimrud ivories from much of the Near East, Late Antique Consular diptychs, the Byzantine Harbaville Triptych and Veroli Casket, the Anglo-Saxon Franks Casket, Cloisters Cross.

Image: Whalley Saxon Cross 1. jpg | Anglo-Saxon cross in the churchyard of St Mary and All Saints parish church

Image: Whalley Saxon Cross 2. jpg | Second Anglo-Saxon cross in the churchyard

Image: Whalley Saxon Cross 3. jpg | Third Anglo-Saxon cross in the churchyard

The name may therefore otherwise have come from the Scots Gaelic or from Irish missionaries who are known to have travelled in Cumbria during the Anglo-Saxon period and have given many words to the local dialect.

The Bewcastle Cross is an Anglo-Saxon cross which is still in its original position within the churchyard of St Cuthbert's church at Bewcastle, in the English county of Cumbria.

Panel from the Bayeux Tapestry showing Normans | Norman and Anglo-Saxon soldiers in mail amour.

showing with other toponyms, an important Saxon or Anglo-Saxon settlement.

A map showing the general locations of the Anglo-Saxons | Anglo-Saxon peoples around the year 600

Historians Barbara Yorke and Pauline Stafford, and the Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England, treat the charter as showing that Wulfthryth was Æthelred's queen.

Chroniclers have noticed the right of Ælfwynn so precisely as to leave no doubt concerning her claim ; and this fact is of considerable value in showing that, contrary to the practice of other Germanic peoples, the sovereign authority amongst the Anglo-Saxons might descend to a female ; or, according to the Anglo-Saxon expression, which the French have adopted, " fall to the spindle side ".

According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Ine's successor, Aethelheard, fought that year with an ealdorman named Oswald, whom the Chronicle provides with a genealogy showing descent from Ceawlin, an early king of Wessex.

Farthing Downs is also a scheduled ancient monument, showing evidence of human occupation going back to the Neolithic period, including Iron Age fields and Anglo-Saxon barrows.

The church has a font with a stem or pedestal using a section of the Anglo-Saxon cross shaft, showing what is reputed to be the earliest carved representation in Great Britain of the Ascension of Christ.

Anglo-Saxon translations of classical works like Dioscorides Herbal survive from the 10th Century, showing the persistence of elements of classical medical knowledge.

An Anglo-Saxon mancus, showing the face of Æthelred the Unready

There is a working reconstructed Anglo-Saxon farm called Gyrwe ( pronounced ' Yeerweh ') after the Old English name for Jarrow, showing animal husbandry with full-size reconstructions of 3 timber buildings from Northumbria based on the evidence of archaeological work.

Despite a considerable number of other finds, the discovery of the ship-burial at Sutton Hoo, probably interred in the 620s, transformed the history of Anglo-Saxon art, showing a level of sophistication and quality that was wholly unexpected at this date.

In its modern usage, the idea that a part of the Americas has affinity with the Romance cultures as a whole can be traced back to the 1830s, in the writing of the French Saint-Simonian Michel Chevalier, who postulated that this part of the Americas was inhabited by people of a " Latin race " and that it could, therefore, ally itself with " Latin Europe " in a struggle with " Teutonic Europe ", " Anglo-Saxon America " and " Slavic Europe ".

The idea that a part of the Americas has a cultural or racial affinity with all Romance cultures can be traced back to the 1830s, in particular in the writing of the French Saint-Simonian Michel Chevalier, who postulated that this part of the Americas were inhabited by people of a " Latin race ," and that it could, therefore, ally itself with " Latin Europe " in a struggle with " Teutonic Europe ," " Anglo-Saxon America " and " Slavic Europe.

To the study of English Ettmüller contributed by an alliterative translation of Beowulf ( 1840 ), an Anglo-Saxon chrestomathy entitled Engla and Seaxna scopas and boceras ( 1850 ), and a well-known Lexicon Anglo-Saxonicum ( 1851 ), in which the explanations and comments are given in Latin, but the words unfortunately are arranged according to their etymological affinity, and the letters according to phonetic relations.

His enthusiasm for Arthur and his affinity for Anglo-Saxon language are apparent in the work.

When reporting the battle, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle abandons its usual terse style in favour of a heroic poem vaunting the great victory.

It uses a distinctive form of the general Celtic Early Medieval development of La Tène style with increasing influences from the Insular art of 7th and 8th century Ireland and Northumbria, and then Anglo-Saxon and Irish art as the Early Medieval period continues.

The narrator, who occasionally interrupts the narrative flow with asides ( a device common to both children's and Anglo-Saxon literature ), has his own linguistic style separate from those of the main characters.

* The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle suddenly changes in style, from short descriptions to true short stories.

Whether it was or not, Iona was certainly important in the formation of Insular art, which combined Mediterranean, Anglo-Saxon, Celtic and Pictish elements into a style of which the book of Kells is a late example.

Famous Anglo-Saxon examples include the jewellery from Sutton Hoo and the Tassilo Chalice, though the style originated in mainland Europe.

When reporting the battle, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle abandons its usual terse style in favour of a heroic poem vaunting the great victory.

The manuscript is one of the finest works in the unique style of Hiberno-Saxon or Insular art, combining Mediterranean, Anglo-Saxon and Celtic elements.

These masterpieces of the Winchester style were the most elaborately decorated Anglo-Saxon manuscripts known to have reached Normandy, either before or after the Conquest, and influenced the much less-developed local style, though this remained very largely restricted to initials.

The Book of Kells is one of the finest and most famous of a group of manuscripts in what is known as the Insular style, produced from the late 6th through the early 9th centuries in monasteries in Ireland, Scotland and England and in continental monasteries with Hiberno-Scottish or Anglo-Saxon foundations.

With his theory connecting musical notation with poetic meter, he developed a unique style of poetry written in logaoedic dactyls, which was strongly influenced by the works of his beloved Anglo-Saxon poets.

It was written in a style at once precise and picturesque, and was dominated by a theory of Anglo-Saxon liberty resisting the invasions of northern barbarians, and eventually reviving in the parliamentary monarchy.

Although it seems clear from the style of the script that the text was written at Monkwearmouth-Jarrow, it is possible that the binding was then added at Lindisfarne ; the form of the plant scrolls can be compared to those on the portable altar also found in Cuthbert's coffin, presumed to have been made there, though also to other works of the period, such as the shaft of an Anglo-Saxon cross from Penrith and the Vespasian Psalter.

In the last decades of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom a more general Romanesque style was introduced from the Continent, as in the now built-over additions to Westminster Abbey made from 1050 onwards, already influenced by Norman style.

In addition each region, mostly during the period in the process of becoming nations or cultures, had its own distinct artistic style, such as Anglo-Saxon art or Norse art.

Migration Period art describes the art of the " barbarian " Germanic and Eastern-European peoples who were on the move, and then settling within the former Roman Empire, during the Migration Period from about 300-700 ; the blanket term covers early Anglo-Saxon art, Visigothic art, Norse art, Merovingian art, all of which made use of the animal style, which by this period had reached a much more abstracted form than in earlier Scythian art or La Tène style.

For three years, he managed the NWDR Studio in Düsseldorf where he introduced Anglo-Saxon style journalism with self-critical irony.

Interlace, which is still seen as a " Celtic " form of decoration, somewhat ignoring its Germanic origins and equally prominent place in Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian medieval art, has remained a motif in many forms of popular design, especially in Celtic countries, and above all Ireland, where it remains a national style signature.

The mixing of Irish, Pictish and Anglo-Saxon styles created the Insular style of art, represented by the Lindisfarne Gospels and the Book of Kells.

The church was later rebuilt in the perpendicular gothic style, and although ostensibly Norman, some of the architectural furniture, for example the font, were of the Anglo-Saxon style ( or at latest, early Norman ), thus it would appear that the church was rebuilt upon the site of the earlier building.