Martin had to invent the word quanli to translate the Western concept of " rights " in the process of translating Henry Wheaton's Elements of International Law into classical Chinese.

The first among other civilizations to invent complex machines, the ancient Chinese creations of the wheel burrow, the blast furnace, the grooves all are the evidence of Chinese scientists ' familiarity with the basics laws of physics.

* The Chinese invent printing.

* The Chinese invent gunpowder ( black powder ), a mixture of sulfur, charcoal and potassium nitrate.

" Li brought three Chinese chefs with him, and would not have needed to eat in local restaurants or invent new dishes.

After the end of Spanish rule, their descendants, the Chinese mestizos, managed to invent a cosmopolitan mestizo culture coupled with an extravagant Mestizo de Sangley lifestyle.

The Chinese seemed to invent the first metal coins before 900 BC, in a tomb near Anyang.

* In 589 AD, the Chinese scholar-official Yan Zhitui makes the first reference to the use of toilet paper in history.

* The Chinese scholar-official Yan Zhitui makes the first reference to the use of toilet paper in human history.

* A Ming Dynasty Chinese record states that 720, 000 sheets of toilet paper ( two by three ft. in size ) alone have been produced for the various members of the imperial court at Beijing, while the Imperial Bureau of Supplies also reports that 15, 000 sheets of toilet paper alone have been designated for the royal family ( made of fine soft yellow tissue and perfumed ).

Chinese hospital experts have warned that use of contaminated toilet paper can result in skin and gynecological infections.

Whilst in space, the two crew members tested a new piece of Chinese space technology – an ' excrement collecting facility ' or space toilet.

Curiously, news reports during the next manned Chinese mission, Shenzhou 7, said that Shenzhou 7 was the first Chinese manned mission to have a space toilet.

Following his death, several lurid theories sprang up: such as that Mills, married with children, had been arrested in a public toilet and charged with indecency, or that his suicide had been staged by Chinese gangsters who were seeking to take over his club.

A squat toilet ( also known as an Arabic, French, Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Iranian, Indian, Turkish or Natural-Position toilet ; or Nile pan ) is a toilet used by squatting, rather than sitting.

In 1993, a group of Chinese refugees were detained on the ship Golden Venture and held in American prison, where they began making elaborate models combining traditional Chinese modular paperfolding ( utilizing materials such as magazine covers ) with a form of papier-mâché ( using toilet tissue ); these models were gifted to those aiding the refugees and sold at charity fund raisers.

Though most of the leading businessmen in Thailand were of Chinese extraction and comprised a significant portion of the Thai upper class, some Thai-Chinese during this period lived in huts without any electric and toilet facilities.

Carryout Chinese food is typically served in a Oyster pail | paper carton with a wire bail.

In 1455, in an effort to control inflation, the succeeding Ming Dynasty ended the use of paper money and closed much of Chinese trade.

The Chinese word pái ( 牌 ) is used to describe both paper cards and gaming tiles.

The paper wrote that intelligence information had showed the Chinese Embassy in Washington, D. C. was used for coordinating contributions to the DNC in violation of U. S. law forbidding non-American citizens from giving monetary donations to U. S. politicians and political parties.

* Ts ' ai Lun, Chinese researcher and inventor of paper ( d. 121 )

* Cai Lun, Chinese inventor of paper and the papermaking process ( d. 121 )

* The Chinese government takes over the issuing of paper bank drafts, the ancestor of paper money.

* Papermaking is refined by the Chinese eunuch Cai Lun, who receives official praise from the emperor for his methods of making paper from tree bark, hemp, remnant rags and fishnets.

Bamboo and wooden slips, will remain the usual materials for books and scrolls in most of the world for another 200 years, and paper will remain a Chinese secret for 500 years.

* Cai Lun, Chinese inventor of paper and the papermaking process ( b. 50 )

* The first Chinese paper money is issued, yet these banknotes will not become government-issued until the Song Dynasty era Sichuan province issues them in the year 1024, with the central government of China following suit in the 12th century.

The first Chinese paper was made of cotton fiber.

On the contrary, the Silk Road passed Chinese products and inventions to the Western regions, including paper: papermaking originated in China and is considered one of Four Great Inventions.

The oldest known Chinese piece of hard, hempen wrapping paper dates to the 2nd century BCE.

Many traditional customs, such as fortune telling, paper art, feng shui consultations, wearing traditional Chinese dresses for weddings, the use of the traditional Chinese calendar, scholarship in classical Chinese literature and the practice of referring to the Chinese New Year as the “ New Year ” rather than the “ Spring Festival ” have been weakened in mainland China.

And, after becoming the right-hand man of Enver Pasha, he is sent by the latter to pave the way for a new Turkish Empire embracing `` the union of all Turks throughout Central Asia from Adrianople to the Chinese oases on the Silk Trade Route ''.

At Geneva in 1954, to get the war in Indo-China settled, the British and French gave in to Russian and Communist Chinese demands and agreed to the setting up of a Communist state, North Viet Nam -- which then, predictably, became a base for Communist operations against neighboring South Viet Nam and Laos.

Although modern scholars have expressed surprise that `` the simple magic square of three '', a mere `` mathematical puzzle '', was able to exert a considerable influence on the minds and imaginations of the cultured Chinese for so many centuries, they could have found most of the answers right within the square itself.

Such an analysis speedily reveals why the middle number of the Lo Shu, 5, was so vitally significant for the Chinese ever since the earliest hints that they had a knowledge of this diagram.

The tremendous emphasis on the 5 in the Lo Shu square -- for purely mathematical reasons -- and the fact that this number so neatly symbolized the heart and center of the universe, could well explain why the Old Chinese seem to have so revered the number 5, and why they put so much stress on the concept of Centrality.

Although the primary mathematical properties of the middle number at the center of the Lo Shu, and the interrelation of all the other numbers to it, might seem enough to account for the deep fascination which the Lo Shu held for the Old Chinese philosophers, this was actually only a beginning of wonders.

but in this respect it was merely following the accepted Chinese convention for all maps.

); its design was planned by the government of the day ; and it places individual letters in syllable clusters with equal dimensions, in the same way as Chinese characters, to allow for mixed-script writing ( one syllable always takes up one type-space no matter how many letters get stacked into building that one sound-block ).

While Zhuyin is not used as a mainstream writing system, it is still often used in ways similar to a romanization system — that is, for aiding in pronunciation and as an input method for Chinese characters on computers and cellphones.

From the 2000s many Chinese have settled and started up small businesses, while at least as many have come as workforce for large ( construction or other ) enterprises.

Chinese Prime Minister Wen Jiabao visited Angola in June 2006, offering a US $ 9 billion loan for infrastructure improvements in return for petroleum.

The first known references to mouth rinsing is in Ayurveda and Chinese medicine, about 2700 BC, for treatment of gingivitis.

As of early 2011, trade with China is dominated by imports of Chinese goods and accounts for about 10 percent of Armenia's foreign trade.

Chinese měiguórén for example, is derived from a word for the United States, měiguó, where měi is an abbreviation for Yàměilìjiā " America " and guó is " country ".

There is, however, speculation that local criminal gangs barter abalone illegally with Chinese nationals in exchange for chemicals used in the production of drugs, reducing the need for the use of money and hence avoiding money laundering difficulties.

* 1951 – Tibetan delegates to the Central People's Government arrive in Beijing and draft a Seventeen Point Agreement for Chinese sovereignty and Tibetan autonomy.

It was also widely used by the Chinese for its healing chemicals, curing illnesses such as infections, rashes, and migraines.

Restaurants ( along with Chinese laundries ) provided an ethnic niche for small businesses at a time when the Chinese people were excluded from most jobs in the wage economy by ethnic discrimination or lack of language fluency.