Some of his compositions have been collected in the album " European Music at the Ottoman Court " by the London Academy of Ottoman Court Music.

Bank for International Settlements, Council of Europe, Central European Initiative, EBRD, United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, FAO, Group of 77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, International Criminal Court, International Development Association, IFAD, International Finance Corporation, IFRCS, ILO, International Monetary Fund, International Maritime Organization, Interpol, IOC, International Organization for Migration ( observer ), ISO, ITU, Non-Aligned Movement ( guest ), Organization of American States ( observer ), OIC ( observer ), OPCW, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, Southeast European Cooperative Initiative, United Nations, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMEE, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO ( observer )

* took a strong line on the right of return for refugees to properties vacated in the 1974 displacement of Cypriots on both sides, which was based on both UN Resolutions and decisions of the European Court of Human Rights ;

In a landmark case, the European Court of Justice ( ECJ ) ruled on 5 July 1994 against the British practice of importing produce from northern Cyprus based on certificates of origin and phytosanitary certificates granted by the de facto authorities.

Common positions relate to defining a European foreign policy towards a particular third-country such as the promotion of human rights and democracy in Burma, a region such as the stabilisation efforts in the African Great Lakes, or a certain issue such as support for the International Criminal Court.

In 1507, she also held the position of Ambassador for the Spanish Court in England when her father found himself without one, becoming the first female ambassador in European history.

* Second, the issue of compensation and repatriation of the former inhabitants, exiled since 1973, continues in litigation and as of August 2010 had been submitted to the European Court of Human Rights by a group of former residents.

The " European War " became known as " The Great War ", and it was not until 1920, in the book " The First World War 1914 – 1918 " by Charles à Court Repington, that the term " First World War " was used as the official name for the conflict.

The Convention established the European Court of Human Rights ( ECtHR ).

It is overseen by the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg, and the Council of Europe.

In Loizidou v Turkey, the European Court of Human Rights ruled that jurisdiction of member states to the convention extended to areas under that state's effective control as a result of military action.

The European Court of Human Rights did not rule upon the right to life until 1995, when in McCann v. United Kingdom it ruled that the exception contained in the second paragraph do not constitute situations when it is permitted to kill, but situations where it is permitted to use force which might result in the deprivation of life.

The courts include: the International Court of Justice ( ICJ ); the international Tribunal for the Law of the Sea ( ITLOS ); the European Court of Justice ; European Court of Human Rights and other regional treaty tribunals.

* 1963 – The European Court of Justice's ruling in Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen establishes the principle of direct effect, one of the most important, if not the most important, decisions in the development of European Union law.

In December 2008 in a landmark decision the European Court of Justice ruled that:

In June 2009, the European Court of Auditors published a report, pointing out governance issues, substantial delays and budget overruns that led to project stalling in 2007, leading to further delays and failures.

While Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights does not prohibit criminal laws against revisionism such as denial or minimization of genocides or crimes against humanity, as interpreted by the European Court of Human Rights, the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe went further and recommended to member governments to combat hate speech under its Recommendation R ( 97 ) 20.

The following year, The Guardian challenged the succession law in court, claiming that it violated the European Convention on Human Rights, which provides " The enjoyment of the rights and freedoms set forth in this Convention shall be secured without discrimination on any ground such as sex, race, colour, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, association with a national minority, property, birth or other status.

Indeed, the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in Article 6 requires these features in the legal systems of its signatory states.

While the region's economy shows high disparities with regard to income, all Central European countries are listed by the Human Development Index as " very high development " countries.

13 to the European Convention on Human Rights in February 2006.

As a result, Europe is a continent free of the death penalty in practice, all states but Russia, which has entered a moratorium, having ratified the Sixth Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights, with the sole exception of Belarus, which is not a member of the Council of Europe.

All members of the Council of Europe ( which includes nearly all European countries, and every member of the European Union ) have signed the European Convention on Human Rights, which protects against double jeopardy.

This is allowed by the European Convention on Human Rights – note the word finally in the above quotation.

According to Dutch legal experts Crombag, Wagenaar, van Koppen, the Dutch system contravenes the provisions of the European Human Rights convention, in the imbalance between the power of the prosecution service and the defence.

A right to education has been created and recognized by some jurisdictions: Since 1952, Article 2 of the first Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights obliges all signatory parties to guarantee the right to education.

The European Convention on Human Rights ( ECHR ) ( formally the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms ) is an international treaty to protect human rights and fundamental freedoms in Europe.

50 years of European Convention on Human Rights

Until recently, the Convention was also overseen by a European Commission on Human Rights.

In the 2004 European Parliament election the EFA was reduced to four MEPs two of the SNP ( Ian Hudghton and Alyn Smith ), one of PC ( Jill Evans ) and one of the Republican Left of Catalonia ( ERC ; Bernat Joan i Mari, replaced at the mid-term by MEP Mikel Irujo of Basque EA ) plus two affiliate members ( Tatjana Ždanoka of For Human Rights in United Latvia ( PCTVL ) and László Tőkés, independent MEP and former member of the Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania ( UMDR ).

* European Convention on Human Rights ( ECHR )

In the European Union member states, Article 2 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union prohibits the use of capital punishment.

A recent example is the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union which was intended to be included in the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe, that failed to be ratified.

Article 50 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union protects against double jeopardy.

In copyright law, European directive 2004 / 48 / EC on the Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights bases damages on, " the amount of royalties which would have been due if the infringer has requested authorisation ".

In 1947 and 1948 the necessity of massive coordinated efforts to achieve economic recovery led to the formation of the Organization for European Economic Cooperation to supervise and coordinate the uses of American aid under the Marshall Plan.

The 2006 Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy " uses the term ' colonialism ' to describe the process of European settlement and political control over the rest of the world, including Americas, Australia, and parts of Africa and Asia.

A variant and much less-commonly used form of solo tuning used in some Eastern European countries is ( A-D-G-C ), which uses three of the strings from orchestral tuning ( A-D-G ) and then adds a high " C " string.

The EU uses the flag in a number of ways, here on Vehicle registration plates of the European Union | vehicle licence plates.

Another style of notation, rarely used in English, uses the suffix " is " to indicate a sharp and " es " ( only " s " after A and E ) for a flat, e. g. Fis for F, Ges for G, Es for E. This system first arose in Germany and is used in almost all European countries whose main language is not English or a Romance language.

For elections to the European Parliament, most member states use open lists ; most of the United Kingdom uses closed lists, but Northern Ireland uses the Single transferable vote, as does Ireland.

During the 1960s several computers were developed and sold to European countries, for uses such as banking.

However, this is of dwindling importance: since 1980 most European domestic video equipment uses French-originated SCART connectors, allowing the transmission of RGB signals between devices.

During and after the Second World War there were scattered European uses of Western settings, mostly for comedy or even musical comedy.

< imagemap > File: 1940s decade montage. png | Above title bar: events during World War II ( 1939 – 1945 ): From left to right: Troops in an LCVP landing craft approaching " Omaha " Beach on " D-Day "; Adolf Hitler visits Paris, soon after the Battle of France ; The Holocaust occurred during the war as Nazi Germany carried out a programme of systematic state-sponsored genocide, during which approximately six million European Jews were killed ; The Japanese attack on the American naval base of Pearl Harbor launches the United States into the war ; An Observer Corps spotter scans the skies of London during the Battle of Britain ; The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki are the first uses of nuclear weapons, killing over a quarter million people and leading to the Japanese surrender ; Japanese Foreign Minister Mamoru Shigemitsu signs the Instrument of Surrender on behalf of the Japanese Government, on board USS Missouri, effectively ending the war.

Founded in 1991, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development ( EBRD ) uses the tools of investment to help build market economies and democracies in 30 countries from central Europe to central Asia.

The European transonic wind tunnel uses this technique.

This model is used in several European countries, such as Austria, which has a registration rate eight times that of Germany, which uses an opt-in system.

* European Forum for GeoStatistics is a forum that uses the word geostatistics in another way as used here: they take it as the plural of " geostatistic ".

The motorway E45 ( European designation ; in Italy A 22, in Austria A 13 ) leading from Innsbruck via Bolzano to Verona and Modena uses this pass, and is one of the most important north-south connections in Europe.

Contemporary Gujarati uses European punctuation, such as the question mark, exclamation mark, comma, and full stop.

A 2004 statement by the European Society for Paediatric Endocrinology and the Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society ( for children ) uses slightly different cutoffs, where mild DKA is defined by pH 7. 20 – 7. 30 ( bicarbonate 10 – 15 mmol / l ), moderate DKA by pH 7. 1 – 7. 2 ( bicarbonate 5 – 10 ) and severe DKA by pH < 7. 1 ( bicarbonate below 5 ).

European merchants trading with West Africa occasionally purchased palm oil for use as a cooking oil in Europe, but palm oil was not able to supplant olive oil or butter, and culinary uses of palm oil remained rare outside West Africa until after commercial oil palm plantation development in non-African tropical regions.

The state is not a member of the European Union, but has a customs arrangement with the EU, and uses the euro.

A classic European recipe is essentially the same as the basic one described above, but it uses olive oil with vinegar or lemon juice.

The international European route E20 crosses this bridge-tunnel via the road, and the Oresund Line uses the railway.

In his thesis paper " Reawakening Pride Once Lost ": Indigeneity and European Folk Metal, Aaron Patrick Mulvany says that while much of the thematic history of heavy metal uses parodies of the occult in an incongruous fashion, Viking metal bands use " a very specific mythology which controls not only textual choices, but also the imagery used on albums and frequently the kind of music composed.

Some European and Asian manufactured military and sporting ammunition uses a cup primer known as a Berdan primer.

“ Britain, which used to use the Sikes scale to display proof, now uses the European scale set down by the International Organization of Legal Metrology ( IOLM ).