), which was translated into Manchu under the title The True Origin of 10, 000 Things, a copy of which was sent from Beijing to Paris in 1789.

* 1683 – Manchu Qing Dynasty naval forces under traitorous commander Shi Lang defeat the Kingdom of Tungning in the Battle of Penghu near the Pescadores Islands.

First, the Eight Banners were under the direct control of the emperor and hereditary Manchu and Mongol princes, leaving the ministry only with authority over the Green Standard Army.

Fairness of treatment was also an issue under the apartheid system practised by the Manchu government over the Han Chinese majority.

Although it must be pointed out that the ethnic composition of Manchu Banners was far from homogeneous as they included non-Manchu bondservants registered under the household of their Manchu masters.

As the war with Ming Dynasty progressed and the Han Chinese population under Manchu rule increased, Hong Taiji created a separate branch of Han Banners to draw on this new source of manpower.

* The Khalkha submit to the Manchu invaders, bringing most of modern-day Mongolia under the rule of the Qing dynasty.

* The Manchu tribal leader Nurhaci breaks his relations with the Ming Dynasty of China, then under the aloof and growingly negligent Wanli Emperor ; Nurhaci's line later becomes the emperors of the Qing Dynasty which overthrows the short-lived Shun Dynasty in 1644 and the remnants of the Ming throne in 1662.

* February 22 – Heshen, a Manchu official under Qianlong ( b. 1750 )

As part of a nationwide Sino-French cartographic program, the Jesuits Jean-Baptiste Régis, Pierre Jartoux, and Xavier Ehrenbert Fridelli joined a Chinese team visiting the lower Amur ( known to them under its Manchu name, Saghalien Ula, i. e. the " Black River "), in 1709, and learned from the " Ke tcheng " natives of the lower Amur about the existence of the offshore island nearby.

* RoyalArk on non-European dynasties, here China under the Manchu ( last ) Emperors, see also Glossary, and via Home look up other nations

It was an outlying prefecture of Fujian Province under the Manchu Qing government of China from 1683 until 1887, when it was officially made a separate province.

While in Chongqing, he married a Chinese woman ( Shui Shifang ), the daughter of an Imperial mandarin ( under the Manchu Dynasty ).

They were under loose domination of the Khorchin Mongols even after the Khorchin came under the control of the Manchu Qing Dynasty.

In the winter of 1770-1771, Ubashi Khan, the great-grandson Ayuka Khan and the last Kalmyk Khan, decided to return his people to their ancestral homeland, Dzungaria, then under control of the Manchu Empire.

Ming General Wu Sangui defected to Manchu invaders 300 years later and held the city until his death in 1678, long after the rest of China had fallen under Manchu rule.

The fall of the Ming Dynasty was a protracted affair, its roots beginning as early as 1600 with the emergence of the Manchu under Nurhaci.

After Yuan died, the National Assembly reconvened on 1 August 1916 under the pretext that its three-year term had been suspended and had not expired, but President Li Yuanhong was forced to disband it due to the Manchu Restoration on 13 June 1917.

Since he realized Joseon was unable to compete with the Manchu military power, he tried to keep friendly relationship with the Manchus, while the kingdom was still under the suzerainty of Ming, which angered Ming and dogmatic Confucian Koreans.

As his health worsened, Xianfeng's ability to govern also deteriorated, and competing court ideologies in court led to the formation of two distinct factions — one under the rich Manchu Sushun, Princes Yi and Zheng, and the other under the Concubine Yi, supported by Gen. Ronglu and Yehenala Bannermen.

In the early books, Dr. Petrie, believed that Fu Manchu was around 70 years old in 1911 at the time of their first encounter.

After the 1932 release of MGM's adaptation of The Mask of Fu Manchu, which featured the Asian villain telling an assembled group of " Asians " ( consisting of caricatural Indians, Persians and Arabs ) that they must " kill the white men and take their women ", a Harvard University student group petitioned MGM producer William Randolph Hearst ( who had also serialized the novel in his Cosmopolitan magazine ) to cease making further films based on the property.

According to the research of Russian anthropologist S. M. Shirokogoroff, in the Manchu tribe of the Amur river mothers used to put their male babies ' penises into mouths as a caress, since it was not considered a sexual act.

As a symbol of rebellion against the Manchu monarch, he and a friend cut off their queue pigtails – a sign of subservience to the emperor – before forcibly cutting off those of some of their classmates too.

However these Han bannermen were never regarded by the government as equal to the other two branches due to their relatively late addition to the Manchu cause as well as their Han Chinese ancestry.

The nature of their service — mainly as infantry, artillery and sappers, was also alien to the Manchu nomadic traditions of fighting as cavalry.

As a result, after a century of peace and lack of field training the Manchu Banner troops had deteriorated greatly in their combat worthiness.

The rebels massacred the entire Manchu garrison and their families in the city and made it their capital.

The Manchu emperors were generally deft at poetry and often skilled in painting, and offered their patronage to Confucian culture.

While the Manchus followed the governmental structure of the preceding Ming dynasty, their ethnic policy dictated that appointments were split between Manchu noblemen and Han Chinese officials who had passed the highest levels of the state examinations, and because of the small number of Manchus, this insured that a large fraction of them would be government officials.

The Wanli Emperor ( ruled in 1572 – 1620 ) made attempts to reestablish Sino-Tibetan relations in the wake of a Mongol-Tibetan alliance initiated in 1578, the latter of which affected the foreign policy of the subsequent Manchu Qing Dynasty ( 1644 – 1912 ) of China in their support for the Dalai Lama of the Yellow Hat sect.

Instead of kissing, Manchu mothers used to show affection for their children by performing fellatio on their male babies, placing its penis in their mouths and stimulating it, since it was not considered a sexual act, while the Manchu regarded public kissing with revulsion, which was considered sexual.

However, the Manchu emperors did not fully integrate their homeland into China.

* The Battle of Ningyuan in Xingcheng, Liaoning, China: With a much smaller force, the Ming Dynasty commander Yuan Chonghuan defeats the Manchu tribal leader Nurhaci, who dies soon after and is succeeded by Huang Taiji.

* March – Battle of Sarhu: Manchu leader Nurhaci is victorious over the Ming forces.

As a result, the Pro Boxer Manchu Prince Duan became leader of the Zongli Yamen ( foreign office ), replacing Prince Ching ; orders were then given to Imperial army to attack the foreign forces.

The next year, the Manchu armies led by Dodo advanced south and conquered Yangzhou and Nanjing while the Ming leader defending Yangzhou, Shi Kefa, was killed.

The Manchu leader Nurhaci embarked on the conquest of Liaodong from the Ming dynasty, luring Chinese to his side to defect by threatening them with destruction and at the same time also promising them rewards, with important positions.

It was said by the Manchu leader that " since the Chinese generals and Manchu women lived together and ate together, it would help these surrendered generals to forget their motherland.

Later these were unified in Manchu Qing Empire with Nurhaci as their leader and founder.

He contacted the Manchu leader Dorgon and as a result threw open the gates of Shanhaiguan to Manchu soldiers.

They preserved their independence until they had to seek help from the Kangxi Emperor of the Manchu Qing Dynasty against the Dzungar leader Galdan in 1688.

According to the Veritable Records (; ), in 1599 the Manchu leader Nurhaci decided to convert the Mongolian alphabet to make it suitable for the Manchu people.

In contrast to General Zuo, the Manchu leader Dolongga wanted to massacre all the Muslims and saw them all as the enemy.

Han Yun, who participated in the rebellion of Yi Gwal, fled to Manchuria and urged the Manchu leader Nurhaci to attack Joseon ; thus the friendly relationship between Manchu and Korea ended.