In 1264, Nivkh people reported to the Yuan Dynasty of the Mongol Empire that Ainu invaded the land of Nivkh, resulting in battles between Ainu and the Yuan Dynasty.

Iron plate with an order 6 magic square in Persian / Arabic numbers from China, dating to the Yuan Dynasty ( 1271 – 1368 ).

Arabic numerals were introduced to China during the Yuan Dynasty ( 1271 – 1368 ) by the Muslim Hui people.

* 1363 – Beginning date of the Battle of Lake Poyang ; the forces of two Chinese rebel leaders — Chen Youliang and Zhu Yuanzhang — are pitted against each other in what is one of the largest naval battles in history, during the last decade of the ailing, Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty.

* 1294 – Temür, grandson of Kublai, is elected Khagan of the Mongols and Emperor of the Yuan Dynasty with the reigning titles Oljeitu and Chengzong.

Native Chinese astronomy flourished during the Song Dynasty, and during the Yuan Dynasty became increasingly influenced by medieval Islamic astronomy.

The Song Dynasty was the first to issue generally circulating paper currency, while the Yuan Dynasty was the first to use notes as the predominant circulating medium.

In the Yuan Dynasty, the Mongols were divided between those who wanted to remain based in the steppes and those who wished to adopt the customs of the Chinese.

Kublai Khan, grandson of Genghis Khan, wanting to adopt the customs of China, established the Yuan Dynasty.

Throughout the Yuan Dynasty, which lasted less than a century, there was relatively strong sentiment among the populace against the Mongol rule.

The Yuan Dynasty was eventually overthrown by the Ming Dynasty in 1368.

The School of Principle gained supremacy during the Song Dynasty with the philosophical system elaborated by Zhu Xi, which became mainstream and officially adopted by the government for the Imperial examinations under the Yuan Dynasty.

Both Confucian ideas and Confucian-trained officials were relied upon in the Ming Dynasty and even the Yuan Dynasty, although Kublai Khan distrusted handing over provincial control.

1340s, Yuan Dynasty ).

On many occasions the Chinese studied nomadic cavalry tactics and applied the lessons in creating their own potent cavalry forces, while in others they simply recruited the tribal horsemen wholesale into their armies ; and in yet other cases nomadic empires proved eager to enlist Chinese infantry and engineering, as in the case of the Mongol Empire and its sinicized part, the Yuan Dynasty ( 1279 – 1368 ).

Hand cannon from the Mongol Yuan Dynasty ( 1271 – 1368 )

Some well known stories include the Yuan Dynasty story Circle of Chalk ( Chinese: 灰闌記 ), the Ming Dynasty story collection Bao Gong An ( Chinese: 包公案 ) and the 18th century Di Gong An ( Chinese: 狄公案 ) story collection.

After the successful conclusion of the Northern Expedition, the now-defunct Ministry of Agriculture and Minerals formally petitioned the Executive Yuan to establish Arbor Day to commemorate the passing of Dr. Sun Yat-sen, the Father of Modern China.

Yuan death in 1916 left a power vacuum in China ; the republican government was all but shattered.

* Mote, Frederick W. Imperial China, 900 – 1800 Harvard University Press, 1999, 1, 136 pages, the authoritative treatment of the Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties ;

The Troubled Empire: China in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties ( 2010 ) 329 pages.

It allows once " foreign " dynasties like the Mongol Yuan and the Manchu Qing as well as the Khitan Liao, Jurchen Jin to be appreciated as part of the Chinese tapestry, allegedly helping reduce the alienation of ethnic minorities living in China.

The earliest mention of dominoes is from Yuan Dynasty China, found in the text Former Events in Wulin.

The oldest confirmed written mention of dominoes in China comes from the Former Events in Wulin ( i. e. the capital Hangzhou ) written by the Yuan Dynasty ( 1271 – 1368 ) author Zhou Mi ( 1232 – 1298 ), who listed " pupai " ( gambling plaques or dominoes ) as well as dice as items sold by peddlers during the reign of Emperor Xiaozong of Song ( r. 1162 – 1189 ).

* 1271 – Kublai Khan renames his empire " Yuan " ( 元 yuán ), officially marking the start of the Yuan Dynasty of Mongolia and China.

The oldest surviving gun, made of bronze, has been dated to 1288 because it was discovered at a site in modern-day Acheng District, Heilongjiang, China, where the Yuan Shi records that battles were fought at that time.

After the Mongols conquered China and founded the Yuan Dynasty, they used the Chinese gunpowder-based weapons technology in their invasion of Japan ; they also used gunpowder to fuel rockets.

In China, performances of Hamlet often have political significance: Gu Wuwei's 1916 The Usurper of State Power, an amalgam of Hamlet and Macbeth, was an attack on Yuan Shikai's attempt to overthrow the republic.

His plan to leave on the pretext of taking another hajj was stymied by the Sultan, who asked him instead to become his ambassador to Yuan Dynasty China.

The Yuan dynasty in China, which had been receptive to European missionaries and merchants, was overthrown, and the new Ming rulers were found to be inward oriented and unreceptive to foreign religious proselytism.

* 618 – Li Yuan becomes Emperor Gaozu of Tang, initiating three centuries of Tang Dynasty rule over China.

It is a tacit assumption in many wuxia novels that the law and order in the actual historical setting were dysfunctional or poor, like the change of dynastic China from Song Dynasty to Yuan Dynasty, to Ming Dynasty and to Qing Dynasty, periods in time correlating to tremendous upheavals and turmoil in the society.

By 1279, the Mongols conquered the Song Dynasty and brought all of China under control of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty.

After the fall of the Northern Song dynasty, and during the reign of the Jin ( Jurchen ) and Yuan ( Mongol ) dynasties in northern China, a common speech developed based on the dialects of the North China Plain around the capital, a language referred to as Old Mandarin.

* 1948 – The First Legislative Yuan of the Republic of China officially convenes in Nanking.

The northern provinces had remained loyal to the Emperor, and hoping to avoid a civil war, Sun Yat-Sen – already proclaimed " provisional president " by his supporters – had come to a compromise with the Emperor's key ally Yuan Shikai ( 1859 – 1916 ); the monarchy would be abolished, and Late Imperial China would be converted into a new Republic of China, but it would be the royalist Yuan and not the revolutionary Sun who would become its first President.

The first known example is Yuan Huangtou in 550AD.

* 1626 – Yuan Chonghuan is appointed Governor of Liaodong, after he led the Chinese into a great victory against the Manchurians under Nurhaci.

* 1307 – Külüg Khan is enthroned as Khagan of the Mongols and Wuzong of the Yuan.

By extension, the term " Old Mandarin " is used by linguists to refer to the northern dialects recorded in materials from the Yuan dynasty.

Chinese Islamic cuisine is another important component of Beijing cuisine, and was first prominently introduced when Beijing became the capital of the Yuan Dynasty.

* 1916 – The last Emperor of China, Yuan Shikai, abdicates the throne and the Republic of China is restored.

* 1998 – An Air China jetliner is hijacked by disgruntled pilot Yuan Bin and flown to Taiwan.

The politics of the Republic of China ( ROC ) takes place in a framework of a semi-presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the President is head of state and the Premier ( President of the Executive Yuan ) is head of government, and of a dominant party system.

* Tao Hua Yuan, ( 421 AD ) is a utopia for Chinese intellects.

* The Battle of Ningyuan in Xingcheng, Liaoning, China: With a much smaller force, the Ming Dynasty commander Yuan Chonghuan defeats the Manchu tribal leader Nurhaci, who dies soon after and is succeeded by Huang Taiji.

** The last Emperor of China, Yuan Shikai, abdicates the throne and the Republic of China is restored.

* In Japan, a 20 kilometer stone wall defending the coast of Hakata Bay in Fukuoka is completed ; it is built in response to the attempted invasion by the Yuan Dynasty in 1274.

Gao Yang sponsored the flight ; Yuan Huangtou, a prisoner, is the unwilling aviator ; other imprisoned kite flyers also fly, but those die and Yuan survives.

Yuan is executed afterwards.

* Chinese Liang Dynasty: Liang Yuan Di is succeeded by Liang Zheng Yang Hou, then Liang Jing Di.

* Beijing is captured and torched by the Mongols under Genghis Khan, initiating the Yuan Dynasty in China.

* 1271 – The Nakhi kingdom of the northern Himalayan foothills is annexed by the Mongol Yuan Dynasty.