Its creation was motivated by the same need to translate the Pentateuch into the Aramaic language spoken by the community which led to the creation of Jewish Targums such as Targum Onkelos.

Akiva probably also provided for a revised text of the Targums ; certainly, for the essential base of the so-called Targum Onkelos, which in matters of Halakah reflects Akiva's opinions completely ( F. Rosenthal, Bet Talmud, ii.

The author quotes the Mishnah, the two Talmuds, the Tosefta, the Sifra, Targums Onkelos and Jonathan, the Septuagint, the works of Saadia Gaon, the Sifre Refu ' ah, and other anonymous sources.

This view is made explicit in the Jerusalem Targum, the Targum Jonathan, the Targum Neofiti and the Fragment Targums ( where in all cases the term is translated Nilus ) as well as in the commentaries of Rashi and Rabbi Yehuda Halevi.

One of the Targums identifies Ezra ( or Esdras ) as the author of Malachi.

Its redactor drew upon earlier rabbinic sources, including the Mishnah, Tosefta, the halakhic midrashim the Targums.

The Western Targumim on the Torah, or Palestinian Targumim as they are also called, consist of three manuscript groups: Targum Neofiti I, Fragment Targums, and Cairo Geniza Fragment Targums.

The Fragment Targums ( formerly known as Targum Yerushalmi II ) consist of a large number of fragments that have been divided into ten manuscripts.

The Cairo Genizah Fragment Targums originate from the Ben-Ezra Synagogues genizah in Cairo.

They share similarities with The Fragment Targums in that they consist of a large number of fragmented manuscripts that have been collected in one targum-group.

:... Less use is made of the halakhic Midrashim, the Jerusalem Talmud, and the other Targums, nor of the Midrashim like the Aggadat Shir ha-Shirim, the Midrash on Proverbs, and the Alfabet de-R. Akiva.

The Masoretic text, the Dead Sea Scrolls, the Samaritan Pentateuch, the Greek Septuagint or ( LXX ), the Aquila, Symmachus and Theodotion, the Latin Vulgate, the Syriac Peshitta, the Aramaic Targums, and for the Psalms the Juxta Hebraica of Jerome were all consulted for the Old Testament.

The word Zend or Zand, literally meaning " interpretation ", refers to late Middle Persian ( see Pazend and Pahlavi ) language paraphrases of and commentaries on the individual Avestan books: they could be compared with the Jewish Targums.

" ( The Septuagint, Peshitta, and Targums render " Dagon " here as " trunk of Dagon " or " body of Dagon ", presumably referring to the lower part of his image.

Jewish traditions in the Targums preserve other half-legendary lore about the pair.

With most people speaking only Aramaic and not understanding Hebrew, the Targums were created to allow the common person to understand the Torah as it was read in ancient synagogues.

The Aramaic Targums, paraphrase-translations of the Hebrew Bible for use in Palestinian synagogues, contain several expansions and additional references to " the kingdom of God " not emphasized in the Hebrew Masoretic Text.

Tradition regarding the location of Caphtor was preserved in the Aramaic Targums and the commentary of Maimonides which place it at Caphutkia in the vicinity of Damietta ( at the eastern edge of the Nile delta near classical Pelusium ) and by the tenth century commentator Saadia Gaon and Benjamin of Tudela, the twelfth-century Jewish traveller from Navarre, who both wrote that Damietta was Caphtor.

In addition to the Masoretic Text, the translators also made use of the Dead Sea Scrolls, the Samaritan Pentateuch, the Greek Septuagint, the Aramaic Targums, and the Syriac Peshitta.

Rabbi Shulman's website offers scholarly articles on the mis-use of the Targums, Midrash and Talmud by non-Jews who quote from Jewish sources in an attempt to convert Jews.

" This is similar to how the psalm appears in the Aramaic Peshitta Old Testament and it appears in earlier Aramaic Targums.

Similarly the writer of the Epistle to the Hebrews equates Salem with Jerusalem and the same identification is made by Josephus and the Aramaic Targums.

In 1929, Rowley argued that Biblical Aramaic must come from later than the 6th century BCE and was more similar to the Targums than the imperial Aramaic documents available at his time.

In the synagogues of talmudic times, Targum Onkelos was read alternately with the Torah, verse by verse, and Targum Jonathan was read alternately with the selection from Nevi ' im ( i. e. the Haftarah ).

This too refers to Targum Onkelos on the public Torah reading and to Targum Jonathan on the haftarot from Nevi ' im.

There is, however, no " official " eastern ( Babylonian ) targum to Ketuvim, equivalent to Targum Onkelos on the Torah and Targum Jonathan on Nevi ' im.

Both Jonathan ben Uzziel and Onkelos translate Aram Naharaim " Aram which is on the Euphrates " as Joshua explicitly stated: ' Long ago your ancestors lived on the other side of the Euphrates.

Thus, when the Talmud states that " a person should complete his portions of scripture along with the community, reading the scripture twice and the targum once " ( Berakhot 8a-b ), the passage may be taken to refer to Targum Jonathan ( as well as to Targum Onkelos on the Torah ).

Both Targum Onkelos on the Torah and Targum Jonathan on Nevi ' im are vowelized ( based on Yemenite manuscripts ) in the digital texts of Mikra ' ot Gedolot Haketer.

Instead, Jews used Hebrew / Aramaic Targum manuscripts later compiled by the Masoretes ; and authoritative Aramaic translations, such as those of Onkelos and Rabbi Yonathan ben Uziel.

The Targum Onkelos ( 1st century CE ) is largely consistent with the oral tradition as recorded in the midrash, redacted into writing only in the 3rd or 4th century.

Onkelos, a righteous convert and authoritative commentator of the same period, explained the verse, " Let Reuben live and not die ..." ( Deuteronomy 33: 6 ) to mean that Reuben should merit the World to Come directly, and not have to die again as result of being reincarnated.

* Genesis in Hebrew, Aramaic, Syriac, Greek, Latin, and English – The critical text of the Book of Genesis in Hebrew with ancient versions ( Masoretic, Samaritan Pentateuch, Samaritan Targum, Targum Onkelos, Peshitta, Septuagint, Vetus Latina, Vulgate, Aquila, Symmachus, and Theodotion ) and English translation for each version in parallel.

The Aramaic Targum Onkelos leaves the phrase untranslated and is so quoted in the Talmud ( B.

The Talmud ( Megilah 3a ) states  The Targum of the Pentateuch was composed by Onkelos the proselyte under the from the mouths of R. Eleazar and R. Joshua.

Unfortunately, it was then mistitled as a manuscript of Targum Onkelos until 1949, when Alejandro Díez Macho noticed that it differed significantly from Targum Onkelos.

* Aramaic Targums-The Aramaic text of Targum Onkelos and Samaritan Targum with a new English translation for each version and critical apparatus.

A city by this name located in Israel does appear, however, in Targum Onkelos, Targum Yonatan, Mishnah, Babylonian Talmud and several Midrashim.

His main sources were the Babylonian Talmud, the complete Midrash Rabbah, the Midrash Tanhuma, and the two Pesiktot ( Pesikta De-Rav Kahana or Pesikta Rabbati ), the Midrash on Psalms, the Pirkei de-Rabbi Eliezer, and the Targum Onkelos.

Affinities that the oldest of these textual traditions share with the Dead Sea Scrolls and Onkelos suggest that the Targum may originate from the same school which finalized the Samaritan Pentateuch itself.

In Gittin 56b, 57a a story is mentioned in which Onkelos summons up the spirit of a Yeshu who sought to harm Israel.

Interlinear text of Hebrew language | Hebrew Book of Numbers | Numbers 6. 3 – 10 with Aramaic language | Aramaic Targum Onkelos from the British Library.