The determination of molecular structure by geometry optimization became routine only after efficient methods for calculating the first derivatives of the energy with respect to all atomic coordinates became available.

The contradictions may be seen clearly by calculating dates by different methods from the various sources.

Despite the popularization of these five events, there is no fine line separating them from other extinction events ; indeed, using different methods of calculating an extinction's impact can lead to other events featuring in the top five.

Insurers use actuarial methods to calculate appropriate premiums, which is similar to calculating gambling odds.

Many laboratories used a two-step method: Chemical precipitation of lipoproteins containing apoprotein B, then calculating HDL associated cholesterol as the cholesterol remaining in the supernate, and there are also direct methods.

Most present-day methods in computational chemistry begin by calculating the MOs of the system.

From the 8th century CE onward, astronomers developed methods for approximating and calculating the direction to Makkah ( qibla )— and its distance — from any location on the Earth.

The Basel II framework breaks risks into market risk ( price risk ), credit risk and operational risk and also specifies methods for calculating capital requirements for each of these components.

There are various methods of calculating the engine displacement of a Wankel.

Therefore it may be necessary to adopt more precise methods of calculating potency based upon observations of relative, but not necessarily equal effects, likewise, statistical methods may also be employed.

For applications requiring precision ( for instance, calculating the shadow path of an eclipse ), the Almanac gives formulae and methods for calculating the topocentric coordinates, that is, as seen from a particular place on the Earth's surface, based on the geocentric position.

There are various methods for calculating the Cholesky decomposition.

The several methods of calculating house divisions stem from disagreement over what they mean mathematically and temporally.

The limit to the precision of the method is the measurement of F: the best experimental value has a relative uncertainty of 1. 6 ppm, about thirty times higher than other modern methods of measuring or calculating the elementary charge.

Jagland has later said to the court that AUF should have received even more subsidies, referring to some of the other political youth parties that used similar methods for calculating membership numbers.

A second historical argument has been presented to the effect that the two instances of a Jubilee mentioned in the Babylonian Talmud ( tractates Arakin 12a and Megillah 14b ) appear to be proper historical remembrances, because the known calculation methods of rabbinic scholarship were incapable of correctly calculating the dates of the Jubilees mentioned.

Sampling theory provides methods for calculating the probability that the poll results differ from reality by more than a certain amount, simply due to chance ; for instance, that the poll reports 47 % for Kerry but his support is actually as high as 50 %, or is really as low as 44 %.

The study of strength of materials often refers to various methods of calculating stresses in structural members, such as beams, columns and shafts.

The tables used in the d ' Hondt or Sainte-Laguë methods can then be viewed as calculating the highest quota possible to round off to a given number of seats.

There are several methods for calculating depreciation, generally based on either the passage of time or the level of activity ( or use ) of the asset.

Some of the important contributions made by Brahmagupta in astronomy are: methods for calculating the position of heavenly bodies over time ( ephemerides ), their rising and setting, conjunctions, and the calculation of solar and lunar eclipses.

According to the Overseas Development Institute's researchers methods of calculating incidents:

By calculating the maximum time that electrical signals can move in various branches of a CPU's many circuits, the designers can select an appropriate period for the clock signal.

) Since Popes can dispense from church laws, they have sometimes brought the number of cardinals under the age of 80 to more than 120, perhaps calculating that the number would be sufficiently reduced by the time the need for a conclave would arise.

Research suggests that inadequate guidance in the use of calculating tools can restrict the kind of mathematical thinking that students engage in.

When calculating scattering cross sections in particle physics, the interaction between particles can be described by starting from a free field which describes the incoming and outgoing particles, and including an interaction Hamiltonian to describe how the particles deflect one another.

We can predict whether the Wenzel or Cassie – Baxter state should exist by calculating the new contact angle with both equations.

This can be useful, for example, in calculating the size of the material needed to make a parabolic reflector or parabolic trough.

From the Kolmogorov axioms, one can deduce other useful rules for calculating probabilities.

Even for observational data, statistical theory provides a way of calculating a value that can be used to interpret a sample of data from a population, it can provide a means of indicating how well that value is determined by the sample, and thus a means of saying corresponding values derived for different populations are as different as they might seem ; however, the reliability of inferences from post-hoc observational data is often worse than for planned randomized generation of data.

Because of this, many formulas in algorithms ( such as that for calculating hash table indices ) can be elegantly expressed in code using the modulo operation when array indices start at zero.

Different minerals in a given geologic setting can acquire distinctly different ratios of radiogenic strontium-87 to naturally occurring strontium-86 (< sup > 87 </ sup > Sr /< sup > 86 </ sup > Sr ) through time ; and their age can be calculated by measuring the < sup > 87 </ sup > Sr /< sup > 86 </ sup > Sr in a mass spectrometer, knowing the amount of < sup > 87 </ sup > Sr present when the rock or mineral formed, and calculating the amount of < sup > 87 </ sup > Rb from a measurement of the Rb present and knowledge of the < sup > 85 </ sup > Rb /< sup > 87 </ sup > Rb weight ratio.

A meter can be calibrated as a DC voltmeter if the resistance of the coil is known by calculating the voltage required to generate a full scale current.

Digital instruments can be made that either directly measure the time lag between voltage and current waveforms and so calculate the power factor, or by measuring both true and apparent power in the circuit and calculating the quotient.

If the signal and the noise are measured across the same impedance, then the SNR can be obtained by calculating the square of the amplitude ratio:

X ‐ ray source counterparts to stars can be identified by calculating the angular separation between source centroids and position of the star.

We can adjust the method of calculating the IQM to accommodate this.

By calculating the area under the relevant portion of the graph for 50 trials, the archaeologist can say that there is practically no chance the site was inhabited in the 11th and 12th centuries, about 1 % chance that it was inhabited during the 13th century, 63 % chance during the 14th century and 36 % during the 15th century.

Of course they can always succeed by having Alice send her whole n-bit string to Bob, who then computes the function, but the idea here is to find clever ways of calculating f with fewer than n bits of communication.

The temperature achieved in the reaction in adiabatic conditions, when no heat is lost to the environment, can be estimated using the Hess's law – by calculating the energy produced by the reaction itself ( subtracting the enthalpy of the reactants from the enthalpy of the products ) and subtracting the energy consumed to heating the products ( from their specific heat, when the materials only change their temperature, and their enthalpy of fusion and eventually enthalpy of vaporization, when the materials melt or boil ).

Measurement of cash flow can be used for calculating other parameters that give information on a company's value and situation.

Cash flow can be used, for example, for calculating parameters: