For example, in a unitary state, the constitution will vest ultimate authority in one central administration and legislature, and judiciary, though there is often a delegation of power or authority to local or municipal authorities.

The security forces so often interfere with the actions of the judiciary that the conclusion of most cases is foregone ; experts outside North Korea and numerous defectors confirm this to be a widespread problem.

* In German jurisdiction: The term Senat ( senate ) in higher courts of appeal refers to the " bench " in its broader metonymy meaning, describing members of the judiciary collectively ( usually five judges ), often occupied with of a particular subject-matter jurisdiction.

Individuals with judicial responsibilities who report to an executive branch official, rather than being a part of the judiciary, are often called " administrative law judges " in U. S. practice.

Petitions to the House of Lords did not have to seek reversal of lower court judgments ; often, petitions were brought directly to the Lords without prior consideration in the inferior judiciary.

AIA also files amicus briefs in cases at all levels of the judiciary, often signing on as one of many organization signatories to a brief authored by Nat Lewin or COLPA.

The loser is also vulnerable as they are subject to the interpretation of criminal justice by winners-law enforcement is often prejudicial, and an independent judiciary is not always available to ensure fairness in how winners of a political conflict deal with losers.

Vicious attacks by Ebert's right-wing adversaries, including slander and ridicule, were often condoned or even supported by the judiciary when the president turned to the courts.

They were often joined by muckraking journalists such as Steffens, Phillips, and Supreme Court justice Louis Brandeis to discuss issues and strategies to limit conservative power in the legislature and the judiciary.

* Bench ( law ), the location where a judge sits while in court, often a raised desk in a courtroom ; also refers to the judiciary as a whole ( to differentiate from the bar ( law ) – the lawyers or barristers ); and may also mean a group of judges hearing a case and judging on a case.

Rights implicating abortion, sex and sexual orientation equality, and capital punishment are often thus described as issues that the Constitution does not speak to, and hence should not be recognized by the judiciary.

Laws that determine what sort of contracts will be given effect by the judiciary, and what sort of contracts are void or voidable, often incorporate concepts of a moral economy ; in many jurisdictions, traditionally a contract involving gambling was considered void in law because it was against public policy.

# In the 16th century, the judiciary would often draft acts on behalf of the king and were therefore well qualified in what mischief the act was meant to remedy.

Like other exorbitant and swelling attributes of the time, the higher styles were conferred on imperial and ruling foreign princes generally as well as attached to various offices at court or in the state ( military, financial, judiciary and various other, often combined, central and provincial administrations ), clarifying the protocollary hierarchy ( often deviating from the political reality, though ).

In 2004, the US Department of State claimed that although Singapore's judicial system provides citizens with an efficient judicial process, the judiciary is largely compliant and the government often use defamation suits or the threat of such actions to discourage public criticism and intimidate the press.

Legal academics often argue over Hamilton's description of the judiciary as the " least dangerous " branch.

* 2001 – Alabama Supreme Court Chief Justice Roy Moore has a Ten Commandments monument installed in the judiciary building, leading to a lawsuit to have it removed and his own removal from office.

In addition to setting out the scope of the jurisdiction of the federal judiciary, it also prohibits courts from issuing advisory opinions, or from hearing cases that are either unripe, meaning that the controversy has not arisen yet, or moot, meaning that the controversy has already been resolved.

The judiciary is strictly independent of the executive and legislature, although it has links with the other branches of the government through the Advisory Committee on the Prerogative of Mercy.

Finland has a civil law system, based on Swedish law, with the judiciary exercising limited powers.

In practice however, more power is vested in the executive branch of government than in the legislative, and the judiciary has been weakened by sustained attacks by the government during the Mahathir era.

According to the U. S. Department of State, " The Constitution provides for an independent judiciary ; however, the executive branch has exerted undue influence on the judiciary.

By extension, it also has a role in guarding members of the judiciary, who administer justice in the name of the Prince.

Since mid-2011, there has been an ongoing dispute between parliament and Peter O ' Neill and the judiciary, governor-general and Sir Michael Somare.

King Abdullah, who came to the throne in 2005, is seen as a reformer and has introduced economic reforms ( limited deregulation, encouragement of foreign investment, and privatization ) and made modernizing changes to the judiciary and government ministries.

The role of the president as the head of state has been, historically, largely ceremonial although the constitution was amended in 1991 to give the president some veto powers in a few key decisions such as the use of the national reserves and the appointment of key judiciary, Civil Service and Singapore Armed Forces posts.

Montesquieu did specify that " the independence of the judiciary has to be real, and not apparent merely ".

* The legislative body has control of the executive finances, and has judiciary powers, it also has control of the way the judiciary works.

In those systems, the judiciary is subservient to the executive and has no power to control either the executive or the legality of new legislative texts.

However, some might argue that Switzerland does not have a strong separation of powers system, as the Federal Council is appointed by parliament ( but not dependent on parliament ), and the judiciary has no power of review.

However, under influence from the American constitution, the Australian constitution does define the three branches of government separately, and this has been interpreted by the judiciary to induce an implicit separation of powers.

The development of the British constitution, which is not a codified document, is based on this fusion in the person of the Monarch, who has a formal role to play in the legislature ( Parliament, which is where legal and political sovereignty lies, is the Crown-in-Parliament, and is summoned and dissolved by the Sovereign who must give his or her Royal Assent to all Bills so that they become Acts ), the executive ( the Sovereign appoints all ministers of His / Her Majesty's Government, who govern in the name of the Crown ) and the judiciary ( the Sovereign, as the fount of justice, appoints all senior judges, and all public prosecutions are brought in his or her name ).

Areas of concern included restrictions on freedom of speech, one-party control of public TV and radio, repression of independent media, unfair electoral regulations, a judiciary that is not fully independent, and lack of human and civil rights protection.

Similarly, although the Judiciary is theoretically independent of the executive and the legislature, the executive branch seems to exert undue control over the judiciary.

An American attorney licensed in each applicable court may in a few cases control and argue his or her case at each level of the judiciary through its entire life cycle.

Whites were guaranteed nearly one-third of the seats in parliament, one quarter of the places in the cabinet and control of the police, army, civil service and judiciary.

The Popular Front's founding manifesto condemned the actions of the conservative-led government, demanding the release of political prisoners detained after November 1933, the re-hiring of state employees who had been suspended, fired, or transferred " without due process or for reasons of political persecution ", it proposed establishing an independent judiciary from government control, the investigation and prosecution of acts of unwarranted violence by police, and revision of the Law of Public Order to protect the rights of citizens against arbitrary power.

White control over the country's civil service, judiciary, police and armed forces continued.

The French yielded: the police and the judiciary were transferred to Cambodian control at the end of August, and in October the country assumed full command of its military forces.

However, under the Internal Settlement, whites retained control of the country's judiciary, civil service, police and armed forces, and had a quarter of the seats in parliament reserved for them.

He called for strong limitations on the powers of the executive branch and recommended measures by which the states could maintain close control over the national legislature and judiciary, including the appointment of federal judges by the state legislatures.

Besides this organic control of the Center by the Ministers Council, there is also a judiciary control, given the fact certain activities require such intervention.

He believed the Southern states, if they did not secede, would control Congress and the judiciary, and render Lincoln powerless to impose his agenda upon them.

But the judiciary path, being fully under the control of the Nobles, proved useless ; and the armed revolt, called nowadays Segona Germania ( Second Brotherhood ), was crushed by the Vice-Chancellor and armies of the Nobles in the year 1693, at the " battle " of Setla de Nunyes.

The administrative functions of the Court pertain to the supervision and control over the Philippine judiciary and its employees, as well as over members of the Philippine bar.

Violations of human rights include claims that there is no independent judiciary in Burma, that the military government restricts Internet access through software-based censorship, limiting the material citizens can access online, that Forced labour, human trafficking, and child labour are common, and that sexual violence is abundantly used as an instrument of control, including systematic rapes and taking of sex slaves as porters for the military.

Concerning judiciary matters, the Council has no control.

Boyle has since followed all lawsuits against Israelis internationally, and blames " Zionist control and domination of the American judiciary " for the failure of these lawsuits in the United States.

* An independent institution, called Judiciary Council (), was established with mandate to administrate, regulate and control the functioning of the judiciary, to select the candidates for Federal Justicies, and to initiate impeachments to depose them.