He was highly influential in the development of computer science, giving a formalisation of the concepts of " algorithm " and " computation " with the Turing machine, which can be considered a model of a general purpose computer.

Exact ( not asymptotic ) measures of efficiency can sometimes be computed but they usually require certain assumptions concerning the particular implementation of the algorithm, called model of computation.

A model of computation may be defined in terms of an abstract computer, e. g., Turing machine, and / or by postulating that certain operations are executed in unit time.

A key point which is often overlooked is that published lower bounds for problems are often given for a model of computation that is more restricted than the set of operations that you could use in practice and therefore there are algorithms that are faster than what would naively be thought possible.

* Alternating Turing machine, model of computation used in theoretical computer science

It is based on a model of computation that splits the computational burden between a computer and a human: one part is solved by computer and the other part solved by human.

Several condensed matter systems are being studied with potential applications to quantum computation, including experimental systems like quantum dots, SQUIDs, and theoretical models like the toric code and the quantum dimer model.

A finite-state machine ( FSM ) or finite-state automaton ( plural: automata ), or simply a state machine, is a mathematical model of computation used to design both computer programs and sequential logic circuits.

Considered as an abstract model of computation, the finite state machine is weak ; it has less computational power than some other models of computation such as the Turing machine.

It is still used in the area of computability theory, although Turing machines are arguably the preferred model for computation.

* Polarizable continuum model, used to model solvent in physical chemistry computation

In his model, assuming perfect computation techniques, simultaneous equations relating inputs and outputs to ratios of equivalence would provide appropriate valuations in order to balance supply and demand.

Secondly, it was a prototype for a model of computation known as message passing.

It also helped inspire the Actor model of concurrent computation although Simula only supports co-routines and not true concurrency.

In theoretical computer science and mathematics, the theory of computation is the branch that deals with whether and how efficiently problems can be solved on a model of computation, using an algorithm.

In order to perform a rigorous study of computation, computer scientists work with a mathematical abstraction of computers called a model of computation.

Computer scientists study the Turing machine because it is simple to formulate, can be analyzed and used to prove results, and because it represents what many consider the most powerful possible " reasonable " model of computation ( see Church – Turing thesis ).

Computability theory is closely related to the branch of mathematical logic called recursion theory, which removes the restriction of studying only models of computation which are reducible to the Turing model.

Time loop logic, coined by the roboticist and futurist Hans Moravec, is the name of a hypothetical system of computation that exploits the Novikov self-consistency principle to compute answers much faster than possible with the standard model of computational complexity using Turing machines.

Physicist David Deutsch showed in 1991 that this model of computation could solve NP problems in polynomial time, and Scott Aaronson later extended this result to show that the model could also be used to solve PSPACE problems in polynomial time.

New York State has what is probably the most advanced of these co-operative systems, so well developed that it has become a model for others to follow.

The analysis of variance has been studied from several approaches, the most common of which uses a linear model that relates the response to the treatments and blocks.

Since the randomization-based analysis is complicated and is closely approximated by the approach using a normal linear model, most teachers emphasize the normal linear model approach.

Where the Roman model ( like most modern Japanese ) has 4 plus 1 bead per decimal place, the standard suanpan has 5 plus 2, allowing use with a hexadecimal numeral system.

In 1911, Ernest Rutherford gave a model of the atom in which a central core held most of the atom's mass and a positive charge which, in units of the electron's charge, was to be approximately equal to half of the atom's atomic weight, expressed in numbers of hydrogen atoms.

Rutherford interpreted the gold foil experiment as suggesting that the positive charge of a heavy gold atom and most of its mass was concentrated in a nucleus at the center of the atom — the Rutherford model.

Thus, the planetary model of the atom was discarded in favor of one that described atomic orbital zones around the nucleus where a given electron is most likely to be observed.

Thomson theorized that multiple electrons revolved in orbit-like rings within a positively charged jelly-like substance, and between the electron's discovery and 1909, this " plum pudding model " was the most widely accepted explanation of atomic structure.

His pattern was unusually small, but he also made a wider model now known as the " Grand Amati ", which have become his most sought-after violins.

Other Greek cities set up democracies, and even though most followed an Athenian model, none were as powerful, stable, nor as well-documented as that of Athens.

When 301 of the most advanced model, the " Launch Arco ," are built, an " exodus sequence " starts in which all Launch Arcos blast into space.

The foremost example of this style is the Gibson J-200, but like the dreadnought, most guitar manufacturers have at least one jumbo model.

The PDP-11 introduced a more contemporary model of general registers, numbered R0-R7 or more, adopted by most later CISC and RISC machines.

In most areas of the Basque Country, the educational Model D, where all subjects are taught in Basque, except " Spanish language and literature " ( which is taught in Spanish ) is now the predominant model.

Before he entered parliament, Disraeli was involved with several women, most notably Henrietta, Lady Sykes ( the wife of Sir Francis Sykes, 3rd Bt ), who served as the model for Henrietta Temple.

The brainfuck language uses a simple machine model consisting of the program and instruction pointer, as well as an array of at least 30, 000 byte cells initialized to zero ; a movable data pointer ( initialized to point to the leftmost byte of the array ); and two streams of bytes for input and output ( most often connected to a keyboard and a monitor respectively, and using the ASCII character encoding ).

The Bank of England, formally the Governor and Company of the Bank of England, is the central bank of the United Kingdom and the model on which most modern central banks have been based.

The Roman Breviary has undergone several revisions: The most remarkable of these is that by Francis Quignonez, cardinal of Santa Croce in Gerusalemme ( 1536 ), which, though not accepted by Rome ( it was approved by Clement VII and Paul III, and permitted as a substitute for the unrevised Breviary, until Pius V in 1568 excluded it as too short and too modern, and issued a reformed edition ( Breviarium Pianum, Pian Breviary ) of the old Breviary ), formed the model for the still more thorough reform made in 1549 by the Church of England, whose daily morning and evening services are but a condensation and simplification of the Breviary offices.

The most recent bank model, was introduced together with the euro, involves coordination of the European national banks, which continue to manage their respective economies separately in all respects other than currency exchange and base interest rates.

Cognitive behavioral therapy is most closely allied with the scientist – practitioner model, in which clinical practice and research is informed by a scientific perspective, clear operationalization of the problem, and an emphasis on measurement, including measuring changes in cognition and behavior and in the attainment of goals.

The Spatha, the classical sword throughout most of the 1st millennium was adopted as the standard model for the Empire's cavalry forces.

Traditionally most computer music programs have tended toward the old write / compile / run model which evolved when computers were much less powerful.

The most widespread queueing model used is the Erlang C Formula.

Stalin had managed to turn Lenin's hierarchical model on its head ; under Lenin the Party Congress and the Central Committee were the highest decision-making organs, under Stalin the Politburo, Secretariat and the Orgburo became the most important decision-making bodies.