Druckenmiller is a top-down investor who adopts a similar trading style as George Soros by holding a group of stocks long, a group of stocks short, and use leverage to trade futures and currency.

For a top-down automaton, a ground term is accepted if there exists a reduction that starts from and ends with, where is an initial state.

Fault tree analysis ( FTA ) is a top-down, deductive analytical method.

In many cases top-down is used as a synonym of analysis or decomposition, and bottom-up of synthesis.

This technique is the basis of efficient algorithms for all kinds of problems, such as sorting ( e. g., quicksort, merge sort ), multiplying large numbers ( e. g. Karatsuba ), syntactic analysis ( e. g., top-down parsers ), and computing the discrete Fourier transform ( FFTs ).

This is an argument which cannot be made through a conventional ( mathematical ) economic model, because it says that there are critical systemic-elements that will always be omitted from any top-down analysis of the economy.

Where, S < sub > j </ sub > is the muscle strength moment at joint, j, and M < sub > j / L </ sub > is the external moment at the joint, j, due to load, L and the body segments preceding the joint in the top-down analysis.

Manual calculations are usually performed using the top-down analysis on a six or seven-link model, based on available information about the case and then compared to standard guidelines, such as the one provided by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, to predict capability.

In contrast, a paradigm shift is emerging to start EAI rationalization efforts with effective top-down business-oriented analysis found in disciplines such as Enterprise Architecture, Business Architecture, and Business Process Management.

Most technical communicators approach an audience analysis from the " top-down ," which usually ignores the vital input from the intended audience.

She has spoken on leadership and change, arguing for greater cooperation across political and sectoral boundaries and less reliance on top-down policy and " the near paralysis of process and analysis ".

The structured analysis and design technique uses a decomposition with the top-down approach.

This is contrasted with the concept of a centrally planned, or command economy, where most of the economy is planned by a central government authority, and organized along a top-down administration where decisions regarding investment, production output requirements are decided upon by planners from the top, or near the top, of the chain of command.

While many socialist currents advocated economic planning as an eventual substitute for the market for factors of production, some define economic planning as being based on worker-self management, with production being carried out to directly satisfy human needs, and contrast this with the concept of a command economy of the Soviet Union, which they characterize as being based on a top-down bureaucratic administration of the economy in a similar fashion to a capitalist firm.

The main disadvantage to the top-down methodology is that it represents a very large project with a very broad scope.

It is however, a top-down architecture with a bottom up design.

Built on the work of Piaget and Bruner, constructivism emphasizes the importance of active involvement of learners in constructing knowledge for themselves ... Constructivism emphasizes top-down processing: begin with complex problems and teach basic skills while solving these problems.

Authority rested with local officials based on guidelines from the Holy See, but there was no central top-down authority running the inquisitions, as would be the case in post-medieval inquisitions.

The internal structure of the Montoneros was completely top-down, with the strategies outlined by the heads of it and ordered to the others.

It revealed traditional top-down Zelda gameplay optimised for the DS ' features, with a cel-shaded 3d graphical style similar to The Wind Waker.

In 1983 the paper was republished with a foreword by Benington pointing out that the process was not in fact performed in strict top-down, but depended on a prototype.

In other words there is often a form of top-down feedback in systems with emergent properties.

Most Orthodox are united in communion with each other, though unlike the Roman Catholic Church, this is a looser connection rather than a top-down hierarchy ( see primus inter pares ).

A top-down model is often specified with the assistance of " black boxes ", these make it easier to manipulate.

For perspective, for a product with more restrictive requirements ( such as weight, geometry, safety, environment, etc ), such as a space-suit, a more top-down approach is taken and almost everything is custom designed.

The advantage of the top-down principle is that political and administrative responsibilities are clearly distinguished from each other, and that responsibility for political failures can be clearly identified with the relevant office holder.

Often, the École des Beaux-Arts school of design is said to have primarily promoted top-down design because it taught that an architectural design should begin with a parti, a basic plan drawing of the overall project.

Given a grammar in GNF and a derivable string in the grammar with length n, any top-down parser will halt at depth n.

Because JSP focusses on the existing input and output data streams, designing a program using JSP is claimed to be more straightforward than with other structured programming methods, avoiding the leaps of intuition needed to successfully program using methods such as top-down decomposition.

In combat mode, the screen changes to a top-down mode with dimetric projection, where the player decides what actions the characters will take in each round.

Concepts such as top-down planning ( as opposed to bottom-up planning ) reveal similarities with the systems thinking behind the top-down model.

In the hot dark matter paradigm, popular in the early 1980es, structure does not form hierarchically ( bottom-up ), but rather forms by fragmentation ( top-down ), with the largest superclusters forming first in flat pancake-like sheets and subsequently fragmenting into smaller pieces like our galaxy the Milky Way.

Unlike leadership approaches with a top-down hierarchical style, servant leadership instead emphasizes collaboration, trust, empathy, and the ethical use of power.

The overarching goal of the internationalization process is to create a global network of partnership and not a " top-down " leadership structure within the worldwide church.

Through this top-down approach of global forces acting at local levels, the authors argue that glocalization of social work might offer a means for advancing local welfare and contribute the strength needed to confront increasingly complex global social problems as they become more pronounced into the future.

The conservative Heritage Foundation argued " the Clinton Administration is imposing a top-down, command-and-control system of global budgets and premium caps, a superintending National Health Board and a vast system of government sponsored regional alliances, along with a panoply of advisory boards, panels, and councils, interlaced with the expanded operations of the agencies of Department of Health and Human Services and the Department of Labor, issuing innumerable rules, regulations, guidelines, and standards.

Gorbachev's reforms were largely a top-down attempt at reform, and maintained many of the macroeconomic aspects of the command economy ( including price controls, inconvertibility of the ruble, exclusion of private property ownership, and the government monopoly over most means of production ).

Chip's Challenge is a top-down tile-based puzzle video game for several systems, including the hand-held Atari Lynx, Amiga, Commodore 64, ZX Spectrum, DOS, and Windows ( included in the Microsoft Entertainment Pack and Best of Microsoft Entertainment Pack ).

Presently, there are several ways proposed to make nanosensors, including top-down lithography, bottom-up assembly, and molecular self-assembly.

The game features top-down scrolling overhead isometric graphics, including simulated 3D terrain.

Generally, empathic emotions ( including sympathy ), require the activation of top-down and bottom-up activity.

Waskow has taken pioneering roles in supporting the full presence and equality of women and of GLBTQ people in all aspects of Jewish life and religion, including same-sex marriage ; in mobilizing opposition in the Jewish and general communities to the Vietnam and then the Iraq wars ; in urging a two-state peace settlement between Israel and Palestine ; in treating the planetary climate and other environmental crises as a profound concern of Torah, necessitating action by the Jewish community ; and in urging the Jewish community to treat the increasing concentration of top-down power by small minorities of the ultra-rich and by giant corporations as the reappearance of " pharaoh " in modern American life.

Most games have used a 2D perspective, including side-scrolling, top-down, and isometric perspectives.