Thomas Asbridge argues that the First Crusade was Pope Urban II's attempt to expand the power of the church, and reunite the churches of Rome and Constantinople, which had been in schism since 1054.

Thomas Madden represents a view almost diametrically opposed to that of Asbridge ; while the crusade was certainly linked to church reform and attempts to assert papal authority, he argues that it was most importantly a pious struggle to liberate fellow Christians, who, Madden claims, " had suffered mightily at the hands of the Turks ".

As Thomas Asbridge wrote, " Just as we can do nothing more than estimate the number of thousands who responded to the crusading ideal, so too, with the surviving evidence, we can gain only a limited insight into their motivation and intent.

* Thomas S. Asbridge and Susan B. Edgington, trans.

* Asbridge, Thomas.

The First Crusade: A New History ( 2004 ) is a history book by Thomas Asbridge, a University of London medieval history scholar.

" Noted historian Thomas Asbridge offers a gripping account of a titanic three-year adventure filled with miraculous victories, greedy princes and barbarity on a vast scale.

* Thomas S. Asbridge and Susan B. Edgington ( translators ), 1999.

Thomas S. Asbridge and Susan B. Edgington, Ashgate, 1999.

A third Thomas Bushell ( 1594-1674 ), `` much loved '' by Bacon, called himself `` The Superlative Prodigall '' in The First Part of Youths Errors ( 1628 ) and became an expert on silver mines and on the art of running into debt.

A detachment of six men from the 701st Chemical Maintenance Company under First Lt. Howard D. Beckstrom went aboard, followed by Lt. Thomas H. Richardson, the Cargo Security Officer.

The First Christian Church of Pampa was the setting for the wedding last Sunday of Miss Marcile Marie Glison and Thomas Earl Loving Jr., who will live at 8861 Gaston after a wedding trip to New Orleans, La.

Thomas Shelton's English translation of the First Part appeared in 1612.

In the United States, Enlightenment philosophy ( which itself was heavily inspired by deist ideals ) played a major role in creating the principle of religious freedom, expressed in Thomas Jefferson's letters and included in the First Amendment to the United States Constitution.

McLean co-edited the book Songs and Sketches of the First Clearwater Crew with sketches by Thomas B. Allen for which Pete Seeger wrote the foreword.

First National was the brainchild of Thomas L. Tally, who was reacting to the overwhelming influence of Paramount Pictures, which dominated the market.

With the White House still under construction, she advised as to its furnishings and sometimes served as First Lady for ceremonial functions for President Thomas Jefferson, a widower and their friend.

* Murad ( as " Amurath the First ") is the subject of Thomas Goffe's play The Courageous Turk, published in 1632.

When the First Fleet arrived at Port Jackson in January 1788, Phillip ordered Lieutenant Philip Gidley King to lead a party of 15 convicts and seven free men, including surgeon Thomas Jamison ( the future Principal Surgeon of New South Wales ), to take control of the island and prepare for its commercial development.

* 1880 – First electric lamp factory is opened by Thomas Edison.

Congress cut off funding for the Braille magazine translation in 1985, but U. S. District Court Judge Thomas Hogan reversed the decision on First Amendment grounds.

In his 1870 memoir, Army Life in a Black Regiment, New England abolitionist Thomas Wentworth Higginson ( later editor of Emily Dickinson ), described how he wrote down and preserved Negro spirituals or " shouts " while serving an a colonel in the First South Carolina Volunteers, the first authorized Union Army regiment recruited from freedmen during the Civl War ( memorialized in the 1989 film Glory ).

* The Department of Defense releases a casualty update: Aerographer's Mate First Class Edward Thomas Earhart, 26, Salt Lick, Ky., is confirmed dead.

Saint Thomas Aquinas addressed ben Sirach -- and, by extension, Wittgenstein -- in the First Article, First Part, of his Summa Theologica:

First memorialized in writing in 1876 by " the father of American mixology " Jerry Thomas, this " gin and sparkling lemonade " drink typically is served in a Collins glass over ice.

The leading critics of the law, Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, argued for the Acts ' unconstitutionality based on the First Amendment, among other Constitutional provisions ( e. g. Tenth Amendment ).

Pitt was personally saddened when his friend and brother-in-law Thomas Grenville was killed at the naval First Battle of Cape Finisterre in 1747.

Gladstone's role in the decision to invade was described as relatively hands-off, and that the decision to invade was made by certain members of his cabinet such as Spencer Cavendish, Secretary of State for India, Thomas Baring, 1st Earl of Northbrook, First Lord of the Admiralty, Hugh Childers, Secretary of State for War, and Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville, the Foreign Secretary.

* January 8 – Ensign Thomas Savage arrivies in Jamestown with the First Supply under Christopher Newport.

St. Francis ' first biographer, Thomas of Celano, reports the event as follows in his 1230 First Life of St. Francis:

* Emeliantseva, E. " Situational Religiosity: Everyday Strategies of the Moscow Christ-Faith Believers and of the St Petersburg Mystics Attracted by This Faith in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century ," in Thomas Bremer ( ed ), Religion and the Conceptual Boundary in Central and Eastern Europe: Encounters of Faiths ( Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, 2008 ) ( Studies in Central and Eastern Europe ), 98-120.

Cook County Assessor Thomas Hynes ( Chicago First Party ), a Daley ally, dropped out of the race 36 hours before the mayoral general election.

Thomas Bayard was himself the First Lieutenant of a group known as the Delaware Guard, widely considered to be one of the military arms of pro-Southerners in Delaware.

* Van Cleve, Thomas C .: The Fifth Crusade ( in: Setton, Kenneth M .: ( General Editor ) – Wolff, Robert Lee – Hazard, Harry W. ( Editors ): A History of the Crusades – Volume II: The Later Crusades, 1189 – 1311 ; The University of Wisconsin Press, 1969, Madison, Milwaukee and London ; ISBN 978-0-299-04834-1 )

* Shi: Black, White and Red # 1-2 ( with Thomas E. Sniegoski, Crusade, 1998 )

During the 1960s Kid Thomas recorded extensively for the Jazz Crusade label both with his own band and with Big Bill Bissonnette's Easy Riders Jazz Band.

After that, he rewrote and expanded the one volume into four, published in 1828-29: Godfridus, containing a general introduction ( named after Godfrey of Boulogne, a Crusade hero ); Tancredus, discussing chivalry ’ s discipline and applauding Christianity ( for Tancred of Hauteville, another Crusade hero ); Morus, bashing the Reformation as the death of chivalry and religion ( after Sir Thomas More ); and Orlandus, which detailed Digby ’ s idea of chivalric behaviour ( after Ariosto ’ s Orlando Furioso ).

* Queller, Donald E. & Madden, Thomas F. The Fourth Crusade: The Conquest of Constantinople ( 2nd Edition, 1999 ) ISBN 0-8122-1713-6

An illustration of this attitude is found in John A. McCone's letter to Dr. Thomas Lauritsen, reported in a note elsewhere in this issue of The New Republic.

The earliest recorded use of this term in English dates to 1648, in Thomas Gage's The English-American: A New Survet of the West Indies.

" There are several such books in the New Testament apocrypha, including the Acts of Thomas, the Acts of Andrew, and the Acts of John.

The Timaeus remained known in a Latin rendition by Calcidius through the Middle Ages, and the allegorical aspect of Atlantis was taken up by Humanists in utopian works of several Renaissance writers, such as Francis Bacon's New Atlantis and Thomas More's Utopia.

Prominent figures in New England Puritanism include Thomas Hooker, John Cotton, and Cotton Mather.

" Hill denied the accusations in an op-ed in the New York Times saying she would not " stand by silently and allow Thomas, in his anger, to reinvent me ".

The original Dartmouth BASIC was designed in 1964 by John George Kemeny and Thomas Eugene Kurtz at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire, USA to provide computer access to non-science students.

This setback for Parliament in Cornwall, and the last major victory for the Royalists, was reversed by Sir Thomas Fairfax leading the New Model Army at or near Tresillian Bridge, close to Truro on 12 March 1645.

There is a particularly strong tradition of them in southern New Zealand's main city Dunedin, of which Burns ' nephew Thomas Burns was a founding father.

A first exception to this rule arose in an 1852 case by New York's highest court, Thomas v. Winchester, which held that mislabeling a poison as an innocuous herb, and then selling the mislabeled poison through a dealer who would be expected to resell it, put " human life in imminent danger.

Thomas Hooker led a band of followers overland from the Massachusetts Bay Colony and founded what would become the Connecticut Colony ; other settlers from Massachusetts founded the Saybrook Colony and the New Haven Colony.

On 11 December 1695, Bellomont, who was now governing New York, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire, asked the " trusty and well beloved Captain Kidd " to attack Thomas Tew, John Ireland, Thomas Wake, William Maze, and all others who associated themselves with pirates, along with any enemy French ships.

Her parents, Samuel Elijah Eastman and Annis Bertha Ford, were both Congregational Church clergy, and together served as pastors at the church of Thomas K. Beecher near Elmira, New York.

So it was that New Castle lawyer Thomas McKean denounced the Stamp Act in the strongest terms, and Kent County native John Dickinson became the " Penman of the Revolution.

* Davenport, Thomas H. and Harris, Jeanne G. Competing on Analytics: The New Science of Winning ( 2007 ) Harvard Business School Press.

* 1985 – Mafia: In New York City, Paul Castellano and Thomas Bilotti are shot dead on the orders of John Gotti, who assumes leadership of the Gambino family.

The first recorded Diprotodon remains were discovered in a cave near Wellington in New South Wales in the early 1830s by Major Thomas Mitchell who sent them to England for study by Sir Richard Owen.

During his fourth trip to New York in 1953 Thomas became gravely ill and fell into a coma from which he did not recover.

By the late 1930s, Thomas was embraced as the " poetic herald " for a group of English poets, the New Apocalyptics.

Strand produced films for the MOI ; Thomas scripted at least five films in 1942, This Is Colour ( a history of the British dyeing industry ) and New Towns For Old ( on post-war reconstruction ).

In September Thomas and Caitlin moved to New Quay in West Wales which inspired Thomas to pen the radio piece Quite Early One Morning, a sketch for his later work, Under Milk Wood.