In an attempt to demoralize Abd al-Rahman's troops, al-Fihri ensured that his troops not only were well fed, but also ate gluttonous amounts of food in full view of the Umayyad lines.

When the latter was surrounded by Umayyad troops, he sued for help to Ibn Hafsun, but the latter was defeated by the besiegers and returned to Bobastro.

The Umayyad army then moved to Bobastro, while the cavalry was sent to the castle of Sant Batir, which was abandoned by the defenders, allowing Abd ar-Rahman's troops to secure a large booty.

* August 15 – Byzantine Emperor Leo III the Isaurian and Khan Tervel of Bulgaria force the troops of the Umayyad Caliphate to abandon the Second Arab Siege of Constantinople ( 717 – 718 ), preventing a major Arab incursion into the Byzantine Empire.

* April 30 – Umayyad troops led by Tariq ibn Ziyad land at Gibraltar, and begin their invasion of the Iberian Peninsula and conquest of the Visigothic Kingdom ( See Moors, Al-Andalus, and Umayyad conquest of Hispania ).

* Umayyad troops invade Armenia and secure submission of Smbat VI Bagratuni.

* September / October – Umayyad troops sack the Byzantine fortress of Charsianon

Edward J. Schoenfeld ( rejecting the older figures of 60 – 400, 000 Umayyad and 75, 000 Franks ) contends that " estimates that the Umayyads had over fifty thousand troops ( and the Franks even more ) are logistically impossible.

The Umayyad troops, under Al-Samh ibn Malik al-Khawlani, the governor-general of al-Andalus, overran Septimania by 719, following their sweep up the Iberian peninsula.

‘ Abd-al-Raḥmân had brought a huge force of Arab heavy cavalry and Berber light cavalry, plus troops from all provinces of the Caliphate, in the Umayyad attempt at a conquest of Europe north of the Pyrenees.

Umayyad troops who had broken into the square had tried to kill Charles, but his liege men surrounded him and would not be broken.

Some of the Umayyad troops at once broke off the battle and returned to camp to secure their loot.

Both Western and Muslim histories agree that while trying to stop the retreat, ‘ Abd-al-Raḥmân became surrounded, which led to his death, and the Umayyad troops then withdrew altogether to their camp.

He took advantage of various circumstances, such as the synchronous Sogdian-involved Abbasid Rebellion against the Umayyad Dynasty, and eventually including the absence of strong troops guarding the palace and of popular discontent with an extravagant Tang court coupled with a string of natural disasters.

This enraged the Umayyad troops who faced him the following year outside of Mosul, and Barjik was defeated and slain in the ensuing battle.

** Hisham II is restored as Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba by slave troops of the Caliphate under al-Wahdid.

* 1022-Abd-ar-Rahman V becomes Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba with the support of Berber troops.

* 1023-Muhammad III becomes Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba with the support of Berber troops.

* 1010-Hisham II is restored as Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba by slave troops of the Caliphate under al-Wahdid.

Zaragoza's famous white granite defensive walls were breached under a torrent of ordnance from the Umayyad lines.

The Visigothic kingdom lasted until 711 under Roderic, when it fell to the Muslim Umayyad invasion of the Iberian Peninsula ( Al-Andalus ).

After several wars including the Battle of Rajasthan, where the Hindu Rajput clans defeated the Umayyad Arabs, their expansion was checked and contained to Sindh in Pakistan, many short-lived Islamic kingdoms ( sultanates ) under foreign rulers were established across the north western subcontinent over a period of a few centuries.

By 659 that district had come under the control of Mu ' awiya, founder of the Umayyad dynasty.

* 711 – Umayyad conquest of Hispania: Battle of Guadalete – Umayyad forces under Tariq ibn Ziyad defeat the Visigoths led by King Roderic.

The greater part of Italy would be lost to the invading Lombards three years after Justinian's death ( 568 ), the newly founded province of Spania was completely recovered by the Spanish Visigoths in 624 under the leadership of Suintila, and within a century and a half Africa would be forever lost for the empire to the Rashidun and Umayyad Caliphates during the Muslim conquests.

After the victory of blossameg Leo was dispatched on a diplomatic mission to Alania and Lazica to organize an alliance against the Umayyad Caliphate under Al-Walid I. Leo was appointed commander ( stratēgos ) of the Anatolic theme by Emperor Anastasius II.

The Arabs were Umayyad forces sent by Caliph Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik and serving under his brother Maslamah ibn Abd al-Malik.

Arab-plan or hypostyle mosques are the earliest type of mosques, pioneered under the Umayyad Dynasty.

Arab-plan mosques were constructed mostly under the Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties ; subsequently, however, the simplicity of the Arab plan limited the opportunities for further development, the mosques consequently losing popularity.

The initial Muslim conquests began in the 7th century after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and were marked by a century of rapid Arab expansion beyond the Arabian Peninsula under the Rashidun and Umayyad Caliphates.

After Prophet Muhammed's death in 632, Islam expanded beyond the Arabian Peninsula under the Rashidun Caliphate ( 632 – 661 ) and the Umayyad Caliphate ( 661 – 750 ).

* 718 or 722 – Battle of Covadonga, marking the start of the Reconquista by a Christian military force ( under Pelagius of Asturias ) of the Iberian Peninsula following the Umayyad conquest of Hispania in 711.

* A large Umayyad army under Maslamah ibn Abd al-Malik invades Asia Minor and lays siege to Tyana.

* Battle of Avignon – The Frankish army under Charles Martel expels Umayyad forces from the city.

* Battle of Narbonne – The Frankish army under Charles Martel defeats the Umayyad forces but fails to retake the city.

* Battle of Nîmes – The Frankish army under Charles Martel expels Umayyad forces from the city and destroys it.

* 718 or 722 – Battle of Covadonga, marking the start of the Reconquista by a Christian military force ( under Pelagius of Asturias ) of the Iberian Peninsula following the Umayyad conquest of Hispania in 711.

* Byzantine Empire: An Umayyad army under Maslamah ibn Abd al-Malik raids Isauria.

* Umayyad forces under Maslamah ibn Abd al-Malik sack the Byzantine city of Caesarea.

* December 9 – Battle of Marj Ardabil: the Khazars defeat and destroy an Umayyad army of some 25, 000 men under al-Djarrah ibn Abdullah

The battle pitted Frankish and Burgundian forces under Austrasian Mayor of the Palace Charles Martel, against an army of the Umayyad Caliphate led by ‘ Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi, Governor-General of al-Andalus.