* Douglas McKie: Wöhler's syntethic Urea and the rejection of Vitalism: a chemical Legend.

* Peter J. Ramberg: The Death of Vitalism and the Birth of organic Chemistry.

Vitalism taught that these " organic " compounds were fundamentally different from the " inorganic " compounds that could be obtained from the elements by chemical manipulation.

Vitalism survived for a while even after the rise of modern atomic theory and the replacement of the Aristotelian elements by those we know today.

Vitalism has a long history in medical philosophies: most traditional healing practices posited that disease results from some imbalance in the vital energies that they thought distinguished living from non-living matter.

Vitalism is an ancient doctrine found throughout many ancient cultures.

Vitalism is now considered an obsolete term in the philosophy of science, most often used as a pejorative epithet.

Vitalism played a pivotal role in the history of chemistry since it gave rise to the basic distinction between organic and inorganic substances, following Aristotle's distinction between the mineral kingdom and the animal and vegetative kingdoms.

Vitalism was revived in the early 18th century by the physician Marie François Xavier Bichat, and the physician John Hunter who recognized a " living principle " in addition to mechanics.

Vitalism has sometimes been criticized as begging the question by inventing a name.

Vitalism, together with other forms of intermediate causality, constitute unique causal devices for naive biology as a core domain of thought.

Property dualism and William Hasker's " emergent dualism " ( which is largely similar to Vitalism ) seek to avoid this problem.

* Vitalism – the theory that living things are alive because of some " vital force " independent of nonliving matter, as opposed to because of some appropriate assembly of nonliving matter.

* Vitalism is the view, rejected by mainstream biologists since the 19th century, that there is a life-force ( called the " vis viva ") that has thus far been unmeasurable scientifically that gives living organisms their " life.

Homer Smith's elegant experiments on the kidney in the 1930s proved beyond any doubt that it operated according to physical principles, both as a filter and a secretory organ, eliminating the last vestige of Vitalism in physiology.

Vitalism was also important in the thinking of later teleologists such as Hans Driesch ( 1867 – 1941 ).

* Carolyn Merchant, " The Vitalism of Anne Conway: its Impact on Leibniz's Concept of the Monad " ( Journal of the History of Philosophy 17 ( 1979 ) pp 255 – 69 )

Influential to thinkers associated with Postmodernism are Heidegger's critique of the subject-object or sense-knowledge division implicit in Rationalism, Empiricism and Methodological Naturalism, his repudiation of the idea that facts exist outside or separately from the process of thinking and speaking them ( however, Heidegger is not specifically a Nominalist ), his related admission that the possibilities of philosophical and scientific discourse are wrapped up in the practices and expectations of a society and that concepts and fundamental constructs are the expression of a lived, historical exercise rather than simple derivations of external, apriori conditions independent from historical mind and changing experience ( see Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Heinrich von Kleist, Weltanschauung and Social Constructionism ), and his Instrumentalist and Negativist notion that Being ( and, by extension, reality ) is an action, method, tendency, possibility and question rather than a discreet, positive, identifiable state, answer or entity ( see also Process Philosophy, Dynamism, Instrumentalism, Pragmatism and Vitalism ).

Vitalism is the doctrine, often advocated in the past but now rejected by mainstream science, that " living organisms are fundamentally different from non-living entities because they contain some non-physical element or are governed by different principles than are inanimate things ".

Jubal couldn't reconstruct the crime from the way the girls behaved because patterns kept shifting -- ABC vs D, then BCD vs A or AB vs CD, or AD vs CB, through all ways that four women can gang up on each other.

See digital for a discussion of digital vs. analog.

* Analog sound vs. digital sound

Cinematographic aspect ratios are usually denoted as a ( rounded ) decimal multiple of width vs unit height, while photographic and videographic aspect ratios are usually defined and denoted by whole number ratios of width to height.

Developmental psychology has since established that the distinction of animate vs. inanimate things is an abstraction acquired by learning.

The huge ratio of length vs cross sectional area coupled with velocity made the arrow orders of magnitude more powerful than any other hand held weapon until firearms were invented.

In 1986, the " folkish vs. universalist " dispute and the dispute over the stance of Ásatrú towards white supremacism escalated, resulting in the breakup of the Asatru Free Assembly.

In the internal discourse within American Ásatrú, this cultural / racial divide has long been known as " universalist " vs. " folkish " Asatru.

Usage of " arcology " vs. " hyperstructure ":

In 1997, DJ Gruff dissed Articolo 31 in a track titled 1 vs 2 appearing on the first album of the beatmaker Fritz da Cat, but Articolo 31's lawyers obtained a retraction of the record, and its reissue without the song.

This double bond is stronger than a single covalent bond ( 611 kJ / mol for C = C vs. 347 kJ / mol for C — C ) and also shorter with an average bond length of 1. 33 Angstroms ( 133 pm ).

* Friedrich Saemisch vs Aron Nimzowitsch, Copenhagen 1923, Queen's Indian Defence ( E18 ), 0 – 1 The " Immortal Zugzwang Game " sees Saemisch get tied up in knots.

* Paul Johner vs Aron Nimzowitsch, Dresden 1926, NimzoIndian Defence, Rubinstein Variation ( E47 ), 0 – 1 One of Nimzowitsch's most famous games sees White fall deep into passivity and get squeezed.

* Milan Vidmar vs Aron Nimzowitsch, New York 1927, Bogo-Indian Defence ( E11 ), 0 – 1 A crafty blending of strategy and tactics.

* Richard Reti vs Aron Nimzowitsch, Berlin 1928, NimzoIndian Defence ( E38 ), 0 – 1 Two of the top hypermoderns cross swords to showcase their latest ideas.

* Efim Bogoljubov vs Aron Nimzowitsch, San Remo 1930, NimzoIndian Defence, Bogoljubov Variation ( E23 ), 0 – 1 Another encounter of hypermodern heavyweights sees Nimzowitsch with two knights in the endgame, and he handles them perfectly.

No other atypical studied ( risperidone, quetiapine, and ziprasidone ) did better than the typical perphenazine on the measures used, nor did they produce fewer adverse effects than the typical antipsychotic perphenazine ( a result supported by a meta-analysis by Dr. Leucht published in Lancet ), although more patients discontinued perphenazine owing to extrapyramidal effects compared to the atypical agents ( 8 % vs. 2 % to 4 %, P = 0. 002 ).

E. H. Carr's ' What is History ' was a deliberate critique of positivism, and Hans Morgenthau's aim in ' Scientific Man vs Power Politics ' - as the title implies-was to demolish any conception that international politics / power politics can be studied scientifically.

* Hans J. Morgenthau, Scientific Man vs. Power Politics.

Robertson, Dualism vs. Materialism: A Response to Paul Churchland

* Materialism vs.

* M. D. Robertson: Dualism vs. Materialism: A Response to Paul Churchland