"," When the engine absorbs heat energy, the absorbed heat energy comes with entropy.

" ( heat energy ), " When the engine performs work, on the other hand, no entropy leaves the engine.

When heat is added to a thermal system, the change in entropy is the increase in mass-energy divided by temperature:

When a coin is fair, that is, the probability of heads is the same as the probability of tails, the entropy of a coin toss is as high as it could be.

When a DCT has been used, the coefficients are typically scanned using a zig-zag scan order, and the entropy coding typically combines a number of consecutive zero-valued quantized coefficients with the value of the next non-zero quantized coefficient into a single symbol, and also has special ways of indicating when all of the remaining quantized coefficient values are equal to zero.

When a shock wave passes through matter, the total energy is preserved but the energy which can be extracted as work decreases and entropy increases.

* When random bits are requested, return that many bits derived from the entropy pool ( by a cryptographic hash function, say ) and decrement the estimate of the number of random bits remaining in the pool.

When enough bits of entropy have been collected, replace both key and IV with new random values and decrease the estimated entropy remaining in the pool.

When we specify the internal energy to be U, what we really mean is that the total energy of the gas lies somewhere in an interval of length around U. Here is taken to be very small, it turns out that the entropy doesn't depend strongly on the choice of for large N. This means that the above " area " must be extended to a shell of a thickness equal to an uncertainty in momentum, so the entropy is given by:

When the input data can be modeled as a random variable with a probability density function ( pdf ) that is smooth and symmetric around zero, mid-riser quantizers also always produce an output entropy of at least 1 bit per sample.

When a kinetic equation of the mean-field type is a valid first-order description of a system, second-order corrections determine the entropy production, and generally take the form of a Boltzmann-type collision term, in which figure only " far collisions " between virtual particles.

When read, the device will only return random bytes within the estimated number of bits of noise in the entropy pool.

When the entropy pool is empty, reads from will block until additional environmental noise is gathered.

* When a generator starts up, it will often have little or no entropy ( especially if the computer has just been booted and followed a very standard sequence of operations ), so an attacker may be able to obtain an initial guess at the state.

When comparing a distribution against a fixed reference distribution, cross entropy and KL divergence are identical up to an additive constant ( since is fixed ): both take on their minimal values when, which is for KL divergence, and for cross entropy.

When a species becomes sentient, a process called " The Choice " begins, during which the Lone Power appears and offers the species the opportunity to support a lifestyle or course of action which may seem tempting but ultimately serves entropy ( not coincidentally, the Lone Power is often compared to, or even equated to, The Devil ).

When Tennessee seceded from the Union in 1861, Johnson was a Democratic U. S. Senator from Tennessee and was dedicated to Jacksonian Democracy, nationalism and limited government.

When it was first adopted by the U. S. military, a Honeywell engineer sat in the back seat with bolt cutters to disconnect the autopilot in case of emergency.

When Thomas became Chairman of the U. S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ( EEOC ) in 1982, Hill went along to serve as his assistant, leaving the job in 1983.

When the telescope is at position E it must be oriented toward spot S ′ so that the star light enters the telescope at spot S ′.

* Where Do U. S. Dollars Go When the United States Runs a Trade Deficit?

When Bixby was eight, his father enlisted in the U. S. Navy during World War II and traveled to the South Pacific.

When the Soviet Union was the only member state which refused to sign, the U. S. embarked on a massive nuclear weapons testing, development, and deployment program.

" When Congress, in the summer of 1973, legislated an end to U. S. military action in, over, or off the shores of Indochina, the only U. S. military activity then going on was air support of a friendly Cambodian government and army desperately defending their country against a North Vietnamese and Khmer Rouge onslaught ... What destabilized Cambodia was North Vietnam's occupation of chunks of Cambodian territory from 1965 onwards for use as military bases from which to launch attacks on U. S. and South Vietnamese forces in South Vietnam.

If the relative priorities of these substituents need to be established, R takes priority over S. When this happens, the descriptor of the stereocenter is a lowercase letter ( r or s ) instead of the uppercase letter normally used.

" 1947 – 48: When Marshall Kept the U. S. out of War in China.

When used as a medication in the U. S., coal tar preparations are considered an OTC ( over-the-counter drug ) pharmaceutical and are subject to regulation by the United States Food and Drug Administration.

When Michael S. Swavely retired as president of Compaq's North American division on July 12, 1991, Eckhard Pfeiffer was named to succeed him.

When " Light breaks where no sun shines " appeared in The Listener in 1934, it caught the attention of three senior figures in literary London, T. S. Eliot, Geoffrey Grigson and Stephen Spender.

When S < sub > z </ sub > is measured, the system state ψ collapses into an eigenvector of S < sub > z </ sub >.

When Ford approached the U. S. Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA ) about regulatory issues, the critical problem was that the ( then ) known forms of air traffic control were inadequate for the volume of traffic Ford proposed.

When the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency was created on 1970, he became its deputy assistant administrator of policy.

When the U. S. government learned of Powers ' disappearance over the Soviet Union, it issued a cover statement claiming a " weather plane " had strayed off course after its pilot had " difficulties with his oxygen equipment.

When he completed his B. S., professors Joseph Budd and Louis Pammel convinced Carver to continue at Iowa State for his master's degree.

When James Smithson died and left his estate to the U. S. government to build an institution of learning, congress wanted to appropriate the money for other purposes.

When it became obvious that the United States was eventually going to become involved in the war raging in Europe, the U. S. Army contacted 135 companies asking for working prototypes of a four-wheel-drive reconnaissance car.

When Britain and France went to war in 1793, the U. S. was caught in the middle.

When, therefore, it turned its attention to the concrete entities with which popular imagination had peopled the world of spirit, these entities soon lost whatever status they had enjoyed as actual elements of external reality.

In 2009, the American Anthropological Association's Commission on the Engagement of Anthropology with the US Security and Intelligence Communities released its final report concluding, in part, that, " When ethnographic investigation is determined by military missions, not subject to external review, where data collection occurs in the context of war, integrated into the goals of counterinsurgency, and in a potentially coercive environment – all characteristic factors of the HTS concept and its application – it can no longer be considered a legitimate professional exercise of anthropology.

When combined with setting transparency, this allows an Amiga to overlay an external video source with graphics.

When a body is acted upon by external contact forces, internal contact forces are then transmitted from point to point inside the body to balance their action, according to Newton's second law of motion of conservation of linear momentum and angular momentum ( for continuous bodies these laws are called the Euler's equations of motion ).

When the stale air, warmed from the lungs, is exhaled, it condenses as it meets colder external air.

When all that is left is an organism-shaped hole in the rock, it is called an external mold.

When the temperature rises beyond a certain point, called the Curie temperature, there is a second-order phase transition and the system can no longer maintain a spontaneous magnetization, although it still responds paramagnetically to an external field.

When pharmacological methods fail, a purpose-designed external vacuum pump can be used to attain erection, with a separate compression ring fitted to the penis to maintain it.

When astrologers predicted that his own son would some day become a Christian, Abenner had the young prince Josaphat isolated from external contact.

When such an electron decays without external influence, emitting a photon, that is called " spontaneous emission ".

When an external electric field is applied to the liquid crystal, the dipole molecules tend to orient themselves along the direction of the field.

When an external magnetic field is applied, these magnetic moments will tend to align themselves in the same direction as the applied field, thus reinforcing it.

When placed on the external address bus, it replicates the original functions of B and C. Port A has input capture, output compare, pulse accumulator, and other timer functions ; port D has serial I / O, and port E has an analog to digital converter ( ADC ).

When GPIO pins are configured to an input state, they are often used to read sensors or external signals.

When there are hard external constraints on system latency, developers often need tools to measure interrupt latencies and track down which critical sections cause slowdowns.

When a superconductor is placed in a weak external magnetic field H, and cooled below its transition temperature, the magnetic field is ejected.

When an external magnetic field is applied to an assembly of superparamagnetic nanoparticles, their magnetic moments tend to align along the applied field, leading to a net magnetization.

When such an electron decays without external influence, emitting a photon, that is called " spontaneous emission ".

When he only sees lights and shapes, he puts this down to being a bad visualiser, however, he experiences a great change in his perception of the external world.

When an atom is probed by an external mechanism, such as a photon or a beam of electrons with energies in the range of 2 keV to 50 keV, a core state electron can be removed leaving behind a hole.

When an area element is radiating as a result of being illuminated by an external source, the irradiance ( energy or photons / time / area ) landing on that area element will be proportional to the cosine of the angle between the illuminating source and the normal.

When most materials are polarized, the polarization induced, P, is almost exactly proportional to the applied external electric field E ; so the polarization is a linear function.

When the external power supply is switched on, the metal at the anode is oxidized from the zero valence state to form cations with a positive charge.

When loaning outside the EU, the bank has lending mandates based on EU external cooperation and development policies, which differ region to region.

When the gemstones are in a rough state, the gemologist studies the external structure ; the host rock and mineral association ; and natural and polished colour.