The Life of Zamenhof.

* The Life of Zamenhof

Author of Zamenhof: Creator of Esperanto — a biography of L. L. Zamenhof published in 1960 by Routledge & Kegan Paul of London — she also wrote a widely used series of introductory texts on literary studies: The Anatomy of Poetry ( 1953 ), The Anatomy of Prose ( 1954 ), The Anatomy of Drama ( 1960 ), The Anatomy of Language ( 1968 ), The Anatomy of the Novel ( 1975 ) and The Anatomy of Literary Studies ( 1980 ).

* 1917 – L. L. Zamenhof, Polish creator of Esperanto ( b. 1859 )

* 1859 – L. L. Zamenhof, Polish initiator of Esperanto ( d. 1917 )

* Zamenhof Day ( International Esperanto Community )

Its name derives from Doktoro Esperanto (" Esperanto " translates as " one who hopes "), the pseudonym under which L. L. Zamenhof published the first book detailing Esperanto, the Unua Libro, on July 26, 1887.

The first Esperanto book by L. L. Zamenhof.

Esperanto was created in the late 1870s and early 1880s by Dr. Ludwig Lazarus Zamenhof, an ophthalmologist of mixed cultural heritage from Bialystok, then part of the Russian Empire.

After some ten years of development, which Zamenhof spent translating literature into Esperanto as well as writing original prose and verse, the first book of Esperanto grammar was published in Warsaw in July 1887.

In Germany, there was additional motivation to persecute Esperanto because Zamenhof was Jewish.

The constructed international auxiliary language Esperanto was developed in the 1870s and 80s by L. L. Zamenhof, and first published in 1887.

In its first years Esperanto was used mainly in publications by Zamenhof and early adopters like Antoni Grabowski, in extensive correspondence ( mostly now lost ), in the magazine La Esperantisto, published from 1889 to 1895 and only occasionally in personal encounters.

At this congress, Zamenhof officially resigned his leadership of the Esperanto movement, as he did not want personal prejudice against himself ( or anti-Semitism ) to hinder the progress of the language.

That declaration stated, among other things, that the basis of the language should remain the Fundamento de Esperanto (" Foundation of Esperanto ", a group of early works by Zamenhof ), which is to be binding forever: nobody has the right to make changes to it.

In contrast, Zamenhof declared that " Esperanto belongs to the Esperantists ", and moved to the background once the language was published, allowing others to share in the early development of the language.

* 1859: Lazar Zamenhof, the creator of Esperanto, is born in Białystok, Russia ( now Poland ).

* 1887: Zamenhof marries, and with his wife's help publishes Unua Libro, the book introducing modern Esperanto.

An image of Zamenhof is designed in a text describing his life, reproduced from the Wikipedia article on Esperanto.

Zamenhof suggested Italian as a model for Esperanto pronunciation.

To some extent there are also shared traditions, like the Zamenhof Day, and shared behaviour patterns, like avoiding the usage of one's national language at Esperanto meetings unless there are good reasons for its use ( Esperanto culture has a special word, krokodili (" to crocodile "), to describe this avoided behaviour ).

On December 15 ( L. L. Zamenhof's birthday ), Esperanto speakers around the world celebrate Zamenhof Day, sometimes relabelled Esperanto Book Day.

In 1894 under pressure from Wilhelm Trompeter, the publisher of the magazine La Esperantisto, and some other leading users, Zamenhof reluctantly put forward a radical reform to be voted on by readers.

Zamenhof was saddened and frustrated by the many quarrels among these groups.

Zamenhof, relief by Ivan Minekov, Bulgaria

The complete original Russian text of this manuscript with parallel Esperanto translation was only published in 1982 ( translated by Adolf Holzhaus in L. Zamenhof, provo de gramatiko de novjuda lingvo, Helsinki, p. 9-36 ).

Obverse of medal with Ludovic Lazarus Zamenhof by Józef Gosławski ( Polish sculptor ) | Gosławski ( 1959 )

In 1910, Zamenhof was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize, by four British Members of Parliament ( including James O ' Grady, Philip Snowden ) and Professor Stanley Lane Poole.

) On the occasion of the 5th Universala Kongreso de Esperanto in Barcelona, Zamenhof was made a Commander of the Order of Isabella the Catholic by King Alfonso XIII of Spain.

Zamenhof is honored as a deity by the Japanese religion Oomoto, which encourages the use of Esperanto among its followers.

His birthday, December 15, is celebrated annually as Zamenhof Day by users of Esperanto.

The house of the Zamenhof family, dedicated to Ludwik Zamenhof and the Białystok Esperanto Centre, are sites of the Jewish Heritage Trail in Białystok, which was opened in June 2008 by volunteers at The University of Białystok Foundation.

Zamenhof and the Shadow People by Esther Schor, The New Republic, December 30, 2009

" La Espero " (" The Hope ") is a poem written by L. L. Zamenhof ( 1859 – 1917 ), the initiator of the Esperanto language.

In a letter to The British Esperantist in 1911, L. L. Zamenhof, the creator of Esperanto, wrote: " It seems to me, that my attention was drawn to the color green by Mr.

This language was developed from about 1878-1887, and published in that year, by L. L. Zamenhof.

Where type with diacritics is not available, L. L. Zamenhof allowed its substitution by jh.

Zamenhof recommended the use of the digraphs " ch ", " gh ", " hh ", " jh ", " sh ", and " u " when reproducing these letters proves difficult, but in practice the diacritics were often written in by hand after typing a document.

* April 14 – L. L. Zamenhof, Polish creator of Esperanto ( b. 1859 )

* December 15 – L. L. Zamenhof, Russo-Polish initiator of Esperanto ( d. 1917 )

Oomoto members also tend to recognize notable religious figures from other religions, or even notable non-religious figures, as kami – for example, the creator of Esperanto, L. L. Zamenhof is revered as a god.

* July 26 – L. L. Zamenhof publishes Lingvo internacia (" International language ") under the pseudonym " Doktoro Esperanto ".

Zamenhof purposely created unique letters to have a phonemic script which was not too much like those of existing national languages, but critics have argued that the philosophy of one character – one sound does not justify new characters.

Originally this took the form of a suffix-viro, but in response to criticisms that the resulting words such as bovoviro " bull " were ambiguous with mythological man – animal hybrids such as cherubs ( also bovoviro ), Zamenhof switched to using vir as a prefix in his translation of Genesis in the 1920s.

Zamenhof generally preferred the oblique stem over the nominative singular form, as in reĝo ( king ), which follows the Latin oblique forms with reg – ( compare English regicide ), or floro ( flower ) as in floral, rather than nominative singular rex and flos.