With the loss of the study of ancient Greek in the early medieval Latin West, Aristotle was practically unknown there from c. AD 600 to c. 1100 except through the Latin translation of the Organon made by Boethius.

The Astronomer ( Vermeer ) | The Astronomer by Johannes Vermeer ( c. 1668 )

Brygos ( potter signed ), Tondo of an Attic red-figure cup c. 470 BC, Louvre.

* Homer, Iliad ii. 595 – 600 ( c. 700 BCE )

Symbols on Gerzean pottery resembling Egyptian hieroglyphs date back to c. 4000 BC, suggesting a still earlier possible date.

According to Igor M. Diakonoff ( 1988: 33n ), Proto-Afroasiatic was spoken c. 10, 000 BC.

According to Christopher Ehret ( 2002: 35 – 36 ), Proto-Afroasiatic was spoken c. 11, 000 BC at the latest and possibly as early as c. 16, 000 BC.

The word can be traced from the Middle Egyptian ( c. 2000 BC ) word dj-b-t " mud sun-dried brick.

" As Middle Egyptian evolved into Late Egyptian, Demotic, and finally Coptic ( c. 600 BC ), dj-b-t became tobe " brick.

This would make it a language family about as old as Indo-European ( 4000 to 7, 000 BC according to several hypotheses cited in Mallory 1997: 106 ) but considerably younger than Afroasiatic ( c. 10, 000 BC according to Diakonoff 1988: 33n, 11, 000 to 16, 000 BC according to Ehret 2002: 35 – 36 ).

Before that time, at the peak of the last ice age ( c. 16, 000 BC ) sea levels everywhere were 130 metres lower, and there were large well-watered coastal plains instead of much of the northern Aegean.

The present coastal arrangement appeared c. 7000 BC, with post-ice age sea levels continuing to rise for another 3, 000 years after that.

The Dying Gaul c. 230 BC, a Roman copy of a Greek statue commemorating the victory over the Celtic Galatia ns in Anatolia.

Map of ancient Egypt, showing major cities and sites of the Dynastic period ( c. 3150 BC to 30 BC )

** Xun Zi ( c. 312 BC – 230 BC )

** Gongsun Long ( c. 325 BC – c. 250 BC )

** Sunzi ( c. 500 BC )

: Anaximenes of Miletus ( c. 585-c. 525 BC )

Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Sīnā ( Persian پور سينا Pur-e Sina " son of Sina "; c. 980 – 1037 ), commonly known as Ibn Sīnā or by his Latinized name Avicenna, was a Persian polymath, who wrote almost 450 treatises on a wide range of subjects, of which around 240 have survived.

: Melissus of Samos ( c 470 BC – unknown )

* Gotama ( c. 2nd – 3rd century CE ), wrote Jaimini, author of Purva Mimamsa Sutras.

* Bhartrihari ( c 450 – 510 CE ), early figure in Indic linguistic theory

* Bodhidharma ( c. 440 – 528 CE ), founder of the Zen school of Buddhism

** Mani ( c. 216 AD – 276 AD )

* 1897 – Jandamarra, Indigenous-Australian resistance leader ( b. c. 1873 )

:::::::::: i. Valerius Adelphius Bassus ( c. 360 – aft.

This corresponds to a speed of around 0. 05 c. There is surprisingly small variation around this energy, due to the heavy dependence of the half-life of this process on the energy produced ( see equations in the Geiger – Nuttall law ).

Aurelius Ambrosius, better known in English as Saint Ambrose ( c. 330 – 4 April 397 ), was an archbishop of Milan who became one of the most influential ecclesiastical figures of the 4th century.

* Pope Adrian IV ( c. 1100 – 1159 ), English pope

* Pope Adrian V ( c. 1205 – 1276 )

* Adrian Willaert ( c. 1490 – 1562 ), Flemish composer of the Renaissance and founder of the Venetian School

Alain de Lille ( or Alanus ab Insulis ) ( c. 1116 / 1117 – 1202 / 1203 ), French theologian and poet, was born in Lille, some years before 1128.

* Albert I of Brandenburg ( c. 1100 – 1170 ), first Margrave of Brandenburg

* Albert I, Count of Namur ( c. 950 – 1011 ), a Belgian count

* Albert III, Margrave of Brandenburg-Salzwedel ( c. 1250 – 1300 )

Albert the Bear (; c. 1100 – 18 November 1170 ) was the first Margrave of Brandenburg ( as Albert I ) from 1157 to his death and was briefly Duke of Saxony between 1138 and 1142.

:( c ) The two Sacraments ordained by Christ Himself-Baptism and the Supper of the Lord-ministered with unfailing use of Christ's Words of Institution, and of the elements ordained by Him.

Fas-induced apoptosis can be blocked by use of FLIPs ( FLICE-inhibitory proteins, which inhibit caspases-8 and-10 ), Bcl-2 ( which prevents cytochrome c release and the subsequent activation of caspase 9 ), and CrmA ( Cytokine response modifier A ).

A proposal by the U. S. to the United Nations Atomic Energy Commission ( UNAEC ) to a ) extend between all nations the exchange of basic scientific information for peaceful ends ; b ) implement control of atomic energy to the extent necessary to ensure its use only for peaceful purposes ; c ) eliminate from national armaments atomic weapons and all other major weapons adaptable to mass destruction ; and d ) establish effective safeguards by way of inspection and other means to protect complying States against the hazards of violations and evasions.

The first Conciliar document on celibacy of the Western Christian Church ( Canon 33 of the Synod of Elvira, c. AD 305 ) states that the discipline of celibacy is to refrain from the use of marriage, i. e. refrain from having carnal contact with your spouse.

The earliest recorded use of the terms Christianity ( Greek ) and Catholic ( Greek ), dates to this period, the 2nd century, attributed to Ignatius of Antioch c. 107.

The adoption of massed cavalry in China also broke the tradition of the chariot-riding Chinese aristocracy in battle, which had been in use since the ancient Shang Dynasty ( c. 1600 BC-1050 BC ).

In Family Group ( c. 1950 ) Alston's use of grey and ochre tones brings together the parents and son as if one with geometric patterns connecting them together as if a puzzle.

* Most Reformation and post-Reformation churches use the term Catholic ( often with a lower-case c ) to refer to the belief that all Christians are part of one Church regardless of denominational divisions ; e. g., Chapter XXV of the Westminster Confession of Faith refers to the " catholic or universal Church ".

The IPA symbols are used in writing most Khoisan languages, but Bantu languages such as Zulu typically use Latin c, x and q for dental, lateral, and alveolar clicks respectively.

The most populous languages with clicks, Zulu and Xhosa, use the letters c, q, x, by themselves and in digraphs, to write click consonants.

The letter ' c ' without a dot has fallen out of use due to redundancy.

Eastern variants of Gupta called Nāgarī are first attested from the 8th century CE ; from c. 1200 CE these gradually replaced Siddham, which survived as a vehicle for Tantric Buddhism in East Asia, and Sharada, which remained in parallel use in Kashmir.

Other reasons include: a ) changes in plant canopy caused by shifts in plant biomass production associated with moisture regime ; b ) changes in litter cover on the ground caused by changes in both plant residue decomposition rates driven by temperature and moisture dependent soil microbial activity as well as plant biomass production rates ; c ) changes in soil moisture due to shifting precipitation regimes and evapo-transpiration rates, which changes infiltration and runoff ratios ; d ) soil erodibility changes due to decrease in soil organic matter concentrations in soils that lead to a soil structure that is more susceptible to erosion and increased runoff due to increased soil surface sealing and crusting ; e ) a shift of winter precipitation from non-erosive snow to erosive rainfall due to increasing winter temperatures ; f ) melting of permafrost, which induces an erodible soil state from a previously non-erodible one ; and g ) shifts in land use made necessary to accommodate new climatic regimes.

For instance, in the 55 Cancri system the first planet – 55 Cancri b – was discovered in 1996 ; two additional farther planets were simultaneously discovered in 2002 with the nearest to the star being named 55 Cancri c and the other 55 Cancri d ; a fourth planet was claimed ( its existence was later disputed ) in 2004 and named 55 Cancri e despite lying closer to the star than 55 Cancri b ; and the most recently discovered planet, in 2007, was named 55 Cancri f despite lying between 55 Cancri c and 55 Cancri d. As of April 2012 the highest letter in use is " j ", for the unconfirmed planet HD 10180 j ( HD 10180 h is the confirmed planet with the highest letter ).

They also note that the discoverers of the two planets around NN Serpentis were confronted with multiple suggestions from various official sources and finally chose to use the designations " NN Ser c " and " NN Ser d ."

The FTC says: "§ 23. 23 ( c ) It is unfair or deceptive to use the word " laboratory-grown ," " laboratory-created ," " name-created ," or " synthetic " with the name of any natural stone to describe any industry product unless such industry product has essentially the same optical, physical, and chemical properties as the stone named.

Other examples include ⟨ ph ⟩ pronounced ( which is usually spelt ⟨ f ⟩), and ⟨ ch ⟩ pronounced ( which is usually spelt ⟨ c ⟩ or ⟨ k ⟩) – the use of these spellings for these sounds often mark words that have been borrowed from Greek.

After the Emperor's death ( c. 337 ), Eusebius wrote the Life of Constantine, an important historical work because of eye witness accounts and the use of primary sources.

The earliest surviving description of the Euclidean algorithm is in Euclid's Elements ( c. 300 BC ), making it one of the oldest numerical algorithms still in common use.

The English term " Gnosticism " derives from the use of the Greek adjective gnostikos (" learned ", " intellectual ", Greek γνωστικός ) by St. Irenaeus ( c. 185 AD ) to describe the school of Valentinus as he legomene gnostike haeresis " the heresy called Learned ( gnostic )".

Gaananci forms a separate group from other Western Hausa dialects, as it now falls outside the contiguous Hausa-dominant area, and is usually identified by the use of c for ky, and j for gy.

However, Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 39 ( c ) allows a court to use one at its discretion.

Although Rule 611 ( c ) of the Federal Rules of Evidence ( and comparable rules of many states ) do not prohibit leading questions on re-direct, some states have expressly limited the use of leading questions on re-direct.

During their dig they found the remains of a Benedictine chapel that was built in c. 1139 by monks from Glastonbury Abbey, a reliquary, graves and the remains of much earlier Romano-British chapels built of wood with dating evidence suggesting use by Christians before the reign of Constantine the Great.