With the loss of the study of ancient Greek in the early medieval Latin West, Aristotle was practically unknown there from c. AD 600 to c. 1100 except through the Latin translation of the Organon made by Boethius.

The Astronomer ( Vermeer ) | The Astronomer by Johannes Vermeer ( c. 1668 )

Brygos ( potter signed ), Tondo of an Attic red-figure cup c. 470 BC, Louvre.

* Homer, Iliad ii. 595 – 600 ( c. 700 BCE )

Symbols on Gerzean pottery resembling Egyptian hieroglyphs date back to c. 4000 BC, suggesting a still earlier possible date.

According to Igor M. Diakonoff ( 1988: 33n ), Proto-Afroasiatic was spoken c. 10, 000 BC.

According to Christopher Ehret ( 2002: 35 – 36 ), Proto-Afroasiatic was spoken c. 11, 000 BC at the latest and possibly as early as c. 16, 000 BC.

The word can be traced from the Middle Egyptian ( c. 2000 BC ) word dj-b-t " mud sun-dried brick.

" As Middle Egyptian evolved into Late Egyptian, Demotic, and finally Coptic ( c. 600 BC ), dj-b-t became tobe " brick.

Neolithic cultures are also attested in southeastern Anatolia and northern Mesopotamia by c. 8000 BC.

In Eden in the East ( 1998 ), Stephen Oppenheimer suggests that a tree-worshipping culture arose in Indonesia and was diffused by the so-called " Younger Dryas " event of c. 8000 BCE, when the sea level rose.

* c. 8000 BC — Norway-Øvre Eiker of Norway inhabited

* c. 8000 BC — Estonia — Pulli settlement inhabited

* c. 8000 BC — Mesopotamia — Agriculture in Mesopotamia

* c. 8000 BC — Asia — Domestication of the pig in China and Turkey

* c. 8000 BC — Middle East — Domestication of goats

* c. 8000 BC — Asia — Evidence of domestication of dogs from wolves

* c. 8000 BC — Middle East — Ancient flint tools from north and central Arabia belong to hunter-gatherer societies

* c. 8000 BC — Middle East — Clay vessels and modeled human and animal terracotta figurines are produced at Ganj Dareh in western Iran.

* c. 8000 BC — People of Jericho were making bricks out of clay, then hardened them in the sun.

* c. 8000 BC — The last glacial period ends.

* c. 8000 BC — Upper Paleolithic period ends.

* c. 8000 BC — 7000 BC — Paleolithic – Neolithic overlap ( Mesolithic ).

* c. 8000 BC — 2300 BC — Neolithic period.

* c. 8000 BC — Settlement in Franchthi Cave in Peloponnese, continues.

* c. 8000 BC — Settlements at Nevali Cori in present-day Turkey are established.

* c. 8000 BC — Settlements at Sagalassos in present-day southwest Turkey are established.

* c. 8000 BC — Settlements at Akure in present-day southwest Nigeria are established.

* c. 8000 BC — Settlements at Øvre Eiker and Nedre Eiker in present-day Buskerud, Norway are established.

* c. 8000 BC — Settlements at Ærø, Denmark are established.

* c. 8000 BC — Settlements at Deepcar near present-day Sheffield, England are established.

* c. 8000 BC — Pre-Anasazi Paleo-Indians move into present-day Southwest United States.

* c. 8000 BC — Plano cultures inhabit the Great Plains area of North America ( from 9th millennium )

This would make it a language family about as old as Indo-European ( 4000 to 7, 000 BC according to several hypotheses cited in Mallory 1997: 106 ) but considerably younger than Afroasiatic ( c. 10, 000 BC according to Diakonoff 1988: 33n, 11, 000 to 16, 000 BC according to Ehret 2002: 35 – 36 ).

Before that time, at the peak of the last ice age ( c. 16, 000 BC ) sea levels everywhere were 130 metres lower, and there were large well-watered coastal plains instead of much of the northern Aegean.

The present coastal arrangement appeared c. 7000 BC, with post-ice age sea levels continuing to rise for another 3, 000 years after that.

The Dying Gaul c. 230 BC, a Roman copy of a Greek statue commemorating the victory over the Celtic Galatia ns in Anatolia.

Map of ancient Egypt, showing major cities and sites of the Dynastic period ( c. 3150 BC to 30 BC )

** Xun Zi ( c. 312 BC – 230 BC )

** Gongsun Long ( c. 325 BC – c. 250 BC )

** Sunzi ( c. 500 BC )

: Anaximenes of Miletus ( c. 585-c. 525 BC )