Several analyses of bird fossils show divergence of species prior to the K – T boundary, and that duck, chicken and ratite bird relatives coexisted with non-avian dinosaurs.

Mitochondrial DNA analyses display a large sequence divergence in black-backed jackals from other jackal species, indicating they diverged 2. 3 – 4. 5 million years ago.

The terms on the RHS denote the positive or negative generation of absolute vorticity by divergence of air, twisting of the axis of rotation, and baroclinity, respectively.

This divergence would be lessened as the fifth generation of home consoles launched globally, and as Commodore began to take a backseat to general purpose PCs and Macs for developing and gaming.

Due to the increasing divergence of business models, Thorn EMI shareholders voted in favour of demerger proposals on 16 August 1996.

The common notation for the divergence ∇· F is a convenient mnemonic, where the dot denotes an operation reminiscent of the dot product: take the components of ∇ ( see del ), apply them to the components of F, and sum the results.

If T is a ( p, q )- tensor ( p for the contravariant vector and q for the covariant one ), then we define the divergence of T to be the ( p, q − 1 )- tensor

Haeckel ’ s illustrations show vertebrate embryos at different stages of development, which exhibit embryonic resemblance as support for evolution, recapitulation as evidence of the Biogenetic Law, and phenotypic divergence as evidence of von Baer ’ s laws.

In the 1990s several teams of paleoanthropologists were working throughout Africa looking for evidence of the earliest divergence of the Hominin lineage from the great apes.

There is little fossil evidence for the divergence of the gorilla, chimpanzee and hominin lineages.

The same divergence also presented a problem for the International Organization for Standardization ( Organisation internationale de normalisation ) at its founding in 1947 ; it settled on the short name ISO as a compromise between IOS and OIN.

Crowhurst et al., for instance, found that the “ Ozark subspecies ” denomination is insufficient for describing genetic ( and therefore evolutionary ) divergence within the Cryptobranchus genus in the Ozark region.

If we compress data in a manner that assumes q ( X ) is the distribution underlying some data, when, in reality, p ( X ) is the correct distribution, the Kullback – Leibler divergence is the number of average additional bits per datum necessary for compression.

The beam in the cavity and the output beam of the laser, when travelling in free space ( or a homogenous medium ) rather than waveguides ( as in an optical fiber laser ), can be approximated as a Gaussian beam in most lasers ; such beams exhibit the minimum divergence for a given diameter.

Separately, recent work using computational phylogenetic methods claims to show that punctuational bursts play an important factor when languages split from one another, accounting for anywhere from 10 to 33 % of the total divergence in vocabulary.

See Genealogy of Jesus for alternative explanations of this radical divergence.

Focusing on the effect of sexual conflict, as hypothezised by William Rice, Locke Rowe et Göran Arnvist, Thierry Lodé underlines that the divergence of interest constitutes a key for evolutionary process.

In this approach, the metric geometry of probability distributions is studied ; this approach quantifies approximation error with, for example, the Kullback – Leibler distance, Bregman divergence, and the Hellinger distance.

International standard ISO 11146-1: 2005 specifies methods for measuring beam widths ( diameters ), divergence angles and beam propagation ratios of laser beams ( if the beam is stigmatic ) and for general astigmatic beams ISO 11146-2 is applicable.

Beam divergence is often used to characterize electromagnetic beams in the optical regime, for cases in which the aperture from which the beam emerges is very large with respect to the wavelength.

A beam may, for example, have an elliptical cross section, in which case the orientation of the beam divergence must be specified, for example with respect to the major or minor axis of the elliptical cross section.

From the above expression for divergence, this means the Gaussian beam model is valid only for beams with waists larger than about.

Laser physicists typically choose to make θ the divergence of the beam: the far-field angle between the propagation direction and the distance from the beam axis for which the irradiance drops to 1 / e < sup > 2 </ sup > times the wavefront total irradiance.

Ethnicity, being largely developed by a divergence in geography, language, culture, genes and similarly, point of view, has the potential to be countered by a common source of information.

Now, if we impose the Lorenz-Gauge condition, i. e., that the divergence of the four potential vanishes then we get

Taking the divergence of the electrostatic field, we obtain Poisson's equation, that relates charge density and electric potential

Owing to the enduring potential for confusion and misunderstanding because of the divergence of English usage from the original Latin meaning, Pope John XXIII ordered that the Latin adjective " perfidis " be dropped from the Good Friday Prayer for the Jews ; in 1960 he ordered it removed from all rituals for the reception of converts.

The condition of zero divergence is satisfied whenever a vector field v has only a vector potential component, because the definition of the vector potential A as:

Second, the potential for divergence or conflict of interest between the signaler and receiver.

For example, divergence in the mating signals of two species will limit hybridization by reducing one's ability to identify an individual of the second species as a potential mate.

The ( potential ) divergence in Onchorhyncus lineages appear to follow the uprising of the Pacific Rim.

This project indirectly marked his divergence from Zuckerman, when he was recalled from a joint tour of the Middle East investigating the cooperation of army and air force, although the tour established Zuckerman's reputation as a military scientist.

However, the intellectual tide later turned in favour of the so-called revisionism, which rejected the analyses of Marxist and socialist historians of Hill's generation and advocated, as an alternative to them, more detailed study of the constitutional and political, cultural and intellectual history of the early to mid-17th centuries.

Agent-based systems focus on the use of agents for the generation of model behavior in a system evaluation ( system studies and analyses ).

Within the Adephaga there is confusion as well, with various rival proposals in contention ; for example some workers regard the Gyrinidae as being closely related to such families as the Dytiscidae and various other predacious water beetle families, whereas other analyses suggest rather that the Gyrinidae are a sister group to the rest of the Adephaga.

But in any event, full credit should be given to the Cost Section for its express and overt recognition of a vital distinction too often ignored in utility-cost analyses: namely, that between a cost allocation designed to reflect the actual behavior of costs in response to changes in rates of output of different classes of utility service ; ;

Both these analyses require homoscedasticity, as an assumption for the normal-model analysis and as a consequence of randomization and additivity for the randomization-based analysis.

Three more, to contain the Chorale Preludes with Schweitzer's analyses, were to be worked on in Africa: but these were never completed, perhaps because for him they were inseparable from his evolving theological thought.

According to the head of the Armenian Central Bank ’ s ( CBA ) department for financial system policies and analyses ( Vahe Vardanyan ) Armenian banks have no large asset concentrations in foreign markets, particularly in capital markets.

One must be careful here ; for instance, some analyses count an addition of two numbers as one step.

Chemicals extracted from a marine bryozoan species have been investigated for treatment of cancer and Alzheimer's Disease, but analyses have not been encouraging.

Such technicians commonly do such work as simpler, repetitive analyses for quality control or in clinical laboratories.

* MIL-HDBK-310, Global Climate Data U. S. Department of Defense Data on natural environmental starting points for engineering analyses to derive environmental design criteria

Research and Notes produced for the UK Parliament, summarising the history of legal change, views and responses, and analyses:

The data for the evolution of the order is collected from molecular analyses since there are no such fossils found.

A review of fourteen studies on the subject in sub-Saharan Africa, covering insecticide-treated nets, residual spraying, chemoprophylaxis for children, chemoprophylaxis or intermittent treatment for pregnant women, a hypothetical vaccine, and changing front – line drug treatment, found decision making limited by the gross lack of information on the costs and effects of many interventions, the very small number of cost-effectiveness analyses available, the lack of evidence on the costs and effects of packages of measures, and the problems in generalizing or comparing studies that relate to specific settings and use different methodologies and outcome measures.

His analyses of art, cinema, youth culture, economics, and power formations, develop concepts such as " micropolitics ," " schizoanalysis ," and " becoming-woman ," which aim to liberate subjectivity and open up new horizons for political and creative resistance to the standardizing and homogenizing processes of global capitalism ( which he calls " Integrated World Capitalism ") in the " postmedia era.

Economists make a number of abstract assumptions for purposes of their analyses and predictions.

Several Nobel Prizes in Economics have been awarded for analyses of market failures due to asymmetric information.

He was the side's most successful bowler with analyses of 22. 7 – 2 – 92 – 4 but fell for another 0 caught of leg-spinner Keith Kirby.

A working nanofactory would require a variety of well-designed tips for different reactions, and detailed analyses of placing atoms on more complicated surfaces.

More recent efforts show promise for creating nanodevices for very large scale principal components analyses and convolution.

The grammar for natural languages is ambiguous and typical sentences have multiple possible analyses.

Sequence profiling tools can perform more specific sequence manipulations such as restriction enzyme maps, open reading frame analyses for nucleotide sequences, and secondary structure prediction.

Fossils can also constrain the age of lineages and thus demonstrate how consistent a tree is with the stratigraphic record ; stratocladistics incorporates age information into data matrices for phylogenetic analyses.

In fact, ontogeny evolves – the phylogenetic history of a species cannot be read directly from its ontogeny, as Haeckel thought would be possible, but characters from ontogeny can be ( and have been ) used as data for phylogenetic analyses ; the more closely related two species are, the more apomorphies their embryos share.