There has also been controversy about the role of pharmaceutical companies in marketing and promoting antipsychotics, including allegations of downplaying or covering up adverse effects, expanding the number of conditions or illegally promoting off-label usage ; influencing drug trials ( or their publication ) to try to show that the expensive and profitable newer atypicals were superior to the older cheaper typicals that were out of patent.

In 1859, Stuart developed a new piece of cavalry equipment, for which he received patent number 25, 684 on October 4 — a saber hook, or an " improved method of attaching sabers to belts.

* 1906 – The Wright brothers are granted U. S. patent number 821, 393 for their " Flying-Machine ".

An international patent application was filed, and published in 1992 under WO number WO9219458, for two new punctuation marks: the “ question comma ” and the “ exclamation comma ”.

In 1885, when the Volta Associates were sure that they had a number of practical inventions, they filed patent applications and began to seek out investors.

Samuel Colt received a British patent for his revolver in 1835 and an American patent ( number 138 ) on February 25, 1836 for a Revolving gun, and made the first production model on March 5 of that year.

The early history of the telephone became and still remains a confusing morass of claims and counterclaims, which were not clarified by the large number of lawsuits that hoped to resolve the patent claims of many individuals and commercial competitors.

The foundation of Peterhouse dates to 1280, when letters patent from Edward I dated Burgh, Suffolk, 24 December 1280 allowed Hugo de Balsham to keep a number of scholars in the Hospital of St John, where they were to live according to the rules of the scholars of Merton.

Vasilantone would later file for patent on his invention in 1967 granted number 3, 427, 964 on February 18, 1969.

" This invention received the patent number 4, 671, 174 on June 9, 1987, however the patent no longer exists.

He was advised by senior law officers and other constitutional experts that, as the crown and governor-generalship existed separately from the constitution in a vast number of acts, charters, orders-in-council, and letters patent, they both still existed.

In 1575 Byrd and Tallis were jointly granted a patent for the printing of music and ruled music paper for 21 years, one of a number of patents issued by the Crown for the printing of books on various subjects.

Martínez named it the olla exprés ( literally " express cooking pot ") under patent number 71143 in the Boletín Oficial de la Propiedad Industrial.

** In April Louis de Corlieu registers a new patent ( number 767013, which in addition of two fins for the feet included two spoon-shaped fins for the hands ) and calls this equipment propulseurs de natation et de sauvetage ( which can be translated as " swimming and rescue impulse device ").

However, like the drinking-age problem above, the specific length of time would need to be different for every product in order to be efficient ; a 20-year term is used because it is difficult to tell what the number should be for any individual patent.

A number of improvements were also made to ENIAC after 1948, including a primitive read-only stored programming mechanism using the Function Tables as program ROM, an idea included in ENIAC patent and proposed independently by Dr. Richard Clippinger of the BRL.

At the present time and for several centuries past the title has been obtained only by an express grant from the Sovereign effected by letters patent ; but a certain number of cities possess the title by very ancient prescriptive right.

Out of this group of Haber assistants, Walter Heerdt was named the official inventor of Zyklon B in a Degesch patent application from 20 June 1922 ( number DE 438818 ).

He was granted U. S. patent number 3, 387, 286 in 1968.

His patent for a " waste paper receptacle " to offer an improved method of disposing of waste paper was filed on February 2, 1909 and received the U. S. patent number 929, 960 on August 31, 1909.

There he set up a lab and proceeded to engineer, design, prototype and patent an incredible number of SCUBA and undersea technology firsts ; including the direct ancestors of virtually every type of Scuba regulator in common use today.

The boat was called the Neckar after the river it was tested on and was registered as patent number DRP 39-367.

He received U. S. patent 1, 993, 334 in 1931 for a polo stick.

Section 1 of the French law of 1791 stated, " All new discoveries are the property of the author ; to assure the inventor the property and temporary enjoyment of his discovery, there shall be delivered to him a patent for five, ten or fifteen years.

Latham Sholes's 1878 QWERTY keyboard layoutThe QWERTY layout depicted in Sholes's 1878 patent includes a few differences from the modern layout, most notably in the absence of the numerals 0 and 1, with each of the remaining numerals shifted one position to the left of their modern counterparts.

The first U. S. patent for SSB modulation was applied for on December 1, 1915 by John Renshaw Carson.

His first patent was for the electric vote recorder, ( U. S. Patent 90, 646 ), which was granted on June 1, 1869.

Although the patent described several ways of creating the carbon filament including " cotton and linen thread, wood splints, papers coiled in various ways ", it was not until several months after the patent was granted that Edison and his team discovered a carbonized bamboo filament that could last over 1, 200 hours.

Edison filed for a U. S. patent on the duplex telegraph on 1 September 1874 and received on 9 August 1892.

There were potential patent infringements in FreeType 1 because parts of the TrueType hinting virtual machine were patented by Apple, a fact not mentioned in the TrueType standards.

* February 1 – Isaac Briggs and William Longstreet patent a steamboat.

In the 8th edition of the International Patent Classification ( IPC ), which entered into force on January 1, 2006, a special subclass has been created for patent applications and patents related to inventions in the domain of combinatorial chemistry: " C40B ".

In the United States, Elmer Ambrose Sperry produced a workable gyrocompass system ( 1908: patent # 1, 242, 065 ), and founded the Sperry Gyroscope Company.

In 1931 a version able to produce 1, 000, 000 volts was described in a patent disclosure.

Since National had applied for a patent on the single cone ( US patent # 1, 808, 756 ), Dopyera had to develop an alternative design, which he did by inverting the cone so that rather than having the strings rest on the apex of the cone as the National method did, they rested on a cast aluminum spider that had eight legs sitting on the perimeter of the downward-pointing cone ( US patent # 1, 896, 484 ).

Furthermore, they may take advantage of the fact that many companies will pay a modest license fee ( e. g .$ 100, 000 to $ 1, 000, 000 ) for rights to a patent of questionable validity, rather than pay the high legal fees ($ 2, 000, 000 or more ) to demonstrate in court that the patent is invalid.

Before 1 February 1833, in common with the admiralty and ecclesiastical courts, appeal from the Court was to the Crown in Chancery, with appeals being heard by Commissioners appointed by letters patent under the Great Seal in each case.

The jury handed down a verdict on August 1, 2012, finding that Dupont not only infringed, but willfully infringed, and awarded a verdict of $ 1 billion, the fourth-largest patent verdict in the history of the United States.

Arms were originally granted to the London Borough by letters patent dated 1 October 1965.

They were invented in the United Kingdom in 1933 by Percy Shaw and patented in 1934 ( UK patents 436, 290 and 457, 536 ), and the United States in 1939 ( U. S. patent 2, 146, 359 ).

Sturley's allusion probably explains why Greville took out the patent in the names of Best and Wells, for Sir Anthony Ashley described Best as `` a scrivener within Temple Bar, that deals in many matters for my L. Essex '' through Sir Gelly Merrick, especially in `` causes that he would not be known of ''.

and General Motors and Du Pont were to be ordered to terminate any agreement that provided for the purchase by General Motors of any specified percentage of its requirements of any Du Pont manufactured product, or for the grant of exclusive patent rights, or for a grant by General Motors to Du Pont of a preferential right to make or sell any chemical discovery of General Motors, or for the maintenance of any joint commercial enterprise by the two companies.

What does Tri-State actually want to do, now that it has the meters under franchise and certain phases of its piping system in the `` patent applied for '' stage??

The suit, as we have seen, came before the courts when patent attorneys, inventors, and laymen were making mounting demands for reforms in the American patent system.

The vast industrial interests caught up in the Selden suit, as well as the complex character of the automotive art, encouraged both sides to exploit `` every possible chance '' for or against the patent, said Parker.

The interchange of shop licenses for a nominal royalty eliminated infringement suits among the members of the A.L.A.M. patent pool ( although it did not protect them against outside actions ) and kept open channels for the cross-fertilization of automotive technology.

It will be recalled that in his summation for the A.L.A.M. before Judge Hough, Fish had condemned patent litigation as the curse of the American industrial community.

Next day, reports went through the Department that Rooney had been outraged by what he considered a patent attempt to put public pressure on him for increased entertainment allowances and had sworn an oath that, that year, expense allowances would not rise a dollar.

In 1849, he received a patent for a flotation device for the movement of boats in shallow water.

Some jurisdictions have specialized appellate courts, such as the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals, which only hears appeals raised in criminal cases, and the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, which has general jurisdiction but derives most of its caseload from patent cases, on the other hand, and appeals from the Court of Federal Claims on the other.

Nobel filed his first patent, for a gas meter, in 1857.

* 1892 – Thomas Edison receives a patent for a two-way telegraph.

He was stationed in San Francisco from 1869 through 1871 and he took out a patent for the cable car railway that still runs there, receiving a charter for its operation, but signing away his rights when he was reassigned.

* 1876 – Thomas Edison receives a patent for his mimeograph.

The United States District Court for the District of Minnesota released its judgement on October 19, 1973, finding in Honeywell v. Sperry Rand that the ENIAC patent was a derivative of John Atanasoff's invention.

* 1851 – Isaac Singer is granted a patent for his sewing machine.

The first proposal for a tank was by the Austrian Oberleutenant Günther Burstyn who, in 1911, proposed a design for " motor artillery " ( Motorengeschütz ) with a turret, but his design never progressed beyond a German patent in 1912.