To overcome such problems, Empress Dowager Cixi issued an imperial edict in 1901 calling for reform proposals from the governors-general and governors and initiated the era of the dynasty's " New Policy ", also known as the " Late Qing Reform ".

On 7 September 1901, the Qing court agreed to sign the " Boxer Protocol " also known as Peace Agreement between the Eight-Nation Alliance and China.

At the turn of the century, the Qing Dynasty ( 清朝 ) had suffered a series of humiliating military defeats against the colonial foreign powers, most recently in the First Sino-Japanese War ( 1894-1895 ) and the war against the Alliance of Eight Nations that invaded China in reaction to the 1901 Boxer Rebellion.

Li Hongzhang (), GCVO, ( February 15, 1823November 7, 1901 ) was a leading statesman of the late Qing Empire.

In 1901, Yeung Kui-wan was assassinated by Qing agents in Hong Kong.

Yuan Shikai oversaw the reform — albeit piecemeal — of Qing military institutions after 1901.

The Boxer Protocol was signed on September 7, 1901, between the Qing Empire of China and the Eight-Nation Alliance that had provided military forces ( Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States ) plus Belgium, Spain and the Netherlands after China's defeat in the intervention to put down the Boxer Rebellion at the hands of the Eight-Power Expeditionary Force.

Around late February or early March 1901, Zaifeng was appointed as an Army Inspector by the Qing imperial court, which had moved to Xi ' an after evacuating Beijing as the Eight-Nation Alliance's armies closed in on the capital.

One of the reasons why Zaifeng took up so many important positions in the Qing court after 1901 was that he was a protégé of the foreign powers, which Cixi was careful not to displease.

Over the next three years from 1909 to 1911, Zaifeng carried out the economic and political reforms that were initiated after the Boxer Rebellion ended in 1901, but he was torn between the conservative ( mainly Manchu officials ) and reformist ( mostly Han Chinese officials ) factions in the Qing imperial court.

* 1899 – 1901: The Boxer Rebellion led China to a humiliating defeat by the Eight-Nation Alliance of Western powers including the United States and Japan, ceding more territory, and dealing one of the final blows to the struggling Qing Dynasty.

At the end of the campaign, the Qing Imperial government signed the Boxer Protocol of 1901.

Liang Sicheng (; 20 April 1901 – 9 January 1972 ) was the son of Liang Qichao, a well-known Chinese thinker in the late Qing Dynasty.

Liberals favoured recognising Demotic as the national language, but conservatives and the Orthodox Church resisted all such efforts, to the extent that, when the New Testament was translated into Demotic in 1901, riots erupted in Athens and the government fell ( the Evangeliaka ).

In 1901 the British government decided to organize all the existing troops in Central Africa, East Africa, Uganda and British Somaliland under one command.

Significant collections of Tiffany windows outside the United States are the 17 windows in the former Erskine and American United Church, now part of the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts in Montreal, Canada, and the two windows in the American Church in Paris, on the Quai d ' Orsay, which have been classified as National Monuments by the French government ; these were commissioned by Rodman Wanamaker in 1901 for the original American Church building on the right bank of the Seine.

Years of controversy and legal maneuvering ensued before President William McKinley issued a proclamation on July 4, 1901, that gave the federal government control over of surplus Indian land.

On April 16, 1901, the voters of the Village of Altamont adopted the City Organization form of government and became the City of Altamont.

Years of controversy and legal maneuvering ensued before President William McKinley issued a proclamation on July 4, 1901, that gave the federal government control over of surplus Indian land.

That petition was granted and, early in 1901, the Borough government was organized.

He contributed solidly to the federation movement through the 1890s, eventually contesting the inaugural 1901 federal election as head of a caretaker Protectionist Party federal government.

An early piece of legislation of the Barton government was the Immigration Restriction Act 1901, which put the White Australia policy into law.

In 1901, the government of Guatemala hired the United Fruit Company to manage the country's postal service and in 1913 the United Fruit Company created the Tropical Radio and Telegraph Company.

He was heavily defeated by the Liberal Party government of Richard Court, taking only 35. 8 percent of the primary vote -- its lowest total since 1901.

In 1905, the government introduced the law on the separation of Church and State, heavily supported by Emile Combes, who had been strictly enforcing the 1901 voluntary association law and the 1904 law on religious congregations ' freedom of teaching ( more than 2, 500 private teaching establishments were by then closed by the State, causing bitter opposition from the Catholic and conservative population ).

Only in 1901 did government intervention come, when the proposed subdivision of of the region was halted by the purchase of the land by the Dominion Crown.

From 1901 to 1954 the flag was used as a civil flag, to be flown by private citizens on land, while the government used the Blue Ensign, reflecting British practice.

In 1901, he was serving as a judicial member of the Bombay provincial government.

Ultimately, the Bolivian government signed a contract with the Bolivian Syndicate ( July 1901 ).

In 1890, during the reign of Rama V of Bangkok, Phraya Si Sahathep ( พระยาศร ี สหเทพ ), Plat Thun Chalong ( ปล ั ดท ู ลฉลอง ) of the Ministry of the Interior, completed an inspection tour of the cities in the Northwestern Mandala ( see also Mandala ( Southeast Asian history ) and Mandala for perspective ) and consulted with High Commissioner Phraya Ritsaratchakit ( พระยาร ิ ศราชก ิ จ ข ้ าหลวงใหญ ่), who oversaw the Northwestern Mandala, to organise a new order of governance, namely, he would incorporate the partially independent city-states of Mae Hong Son, Khun Yuam ( เม ื องข ุ นยวม ), Yuam ( เม ื องยวม ) ( Mae Sariang ) and Pai into a single unit of government to be called the Boriwen Chiang Mai Tawantok, or Shire of Western Chiang Mai ( บร ิ เวณเช ี ยงใหม ่ ตะว ั นตก ), and placed the government of the shire ( which was now comparable to that of a single mueang ) at Khun Yuem by appointing Nai Mot ( นายโหมด ) as shire reeve ( as stated by the Minister for the Interior on July 11, 1901 ).

On May 1, 1901, the civil government under American rule was established.

A civil government was established in the province in 1901.

The civil provincial government of Nueva Ecija was formally established by the Taft Commission on June 11, 1901.

Civil government was finally established in Ambos Camarines in April 1901.

In 1901 the Negros Oriental province was reorganized by the United States and a civil government was established with Demetrio Larena as governor.

On April 15, 1901, the civic government of Capiz was created by virtue of Act 115.

Isaacs was elected to the first federal Parliament in 1901 to the seat of Indi as a critical supporter of Edmund Barton and his Protectionist government.

BSI Group began in 1901 as the Engineering Standards Committee, led by James Mansergh, to standardise the number and type of steel sections, in order to make British manufacturers more efficient and competitive.

On the morning of January 10, 1901, the little hill south of Beaumont, Texas began to tremble and mud bubbled up over the rotary table.

Party politics began in Western Australia with the rise of the Labor party in 1901.

Born into poverty in Sora, Lazio ( in either 1901 or 1902-sources are divided ), he began his career as a theatre actor in the early 1920s and joined Tatiana Pavlova's theatre company in 1923.

In his first term, President Theodore Roosevelt, following President McKinley's assassination of 1901, began trust-busting and anti-corporate-influence activities, but fearing defeat, turned to bankers and industrialists for support in what turned out to be his 1904 landslide campaign.

In Québec, Val-Jalbert is a well-known tourist ghost town ; founded in 1901 around a mechanical pulp mill which became obsolete when paper mills began to break down wood fibre by chemical means, it was abandoned when the mill closed in 1927 and re-opened as a park in 1960.

The companies Dole and Del Monte began growing pineapple on the island of Oahu in 1901 and 1917, respectively.

Dole's pineapple company began with the acquisition of of land in 1901, and, as previously mentioned, has grown into a major company today.

It began as the Texas Fuel Company, founded in 1901 in Beaumont, Texas, by Joseph S. Cullinan, Thomas J. Donoghue, Walter Benona Sharp, and Arnold Schlaet upon the discovery of oil at Spindletop.

In 1901 he began planting trees and structuring of the gardens, which has gradually been restored today.

From 1901 to 1908, Luigi Cavenaghi first completed a careful study of the structure of the painting, then began cleaning it.

Although construction began in 1229, it did not finish until 1601 and local architect Antoni Gaudí was drafted in during a restoration project in 1901.

One account places the origin of the term Santa Ana winds with an Associated Press correspondent stationed in Santa Ana who mistakenly began using Santa Ana winds instead of Santana winds in a 1901 dispatch.

The oil boom in Texas began in 1901 and soon pipelines and refineries were built in Texas City.

In 1901 the first electric trams began to run along the Uxbridge Road, causing the population of the village to expand faster than with the arrival of the trains half a century before.

He began in the minor leagues in Terre Haute in 1901, and joined the major leagues in 1903, retiring in 1916.

Lake Villa's history began well over a century ago, before its incorporation in 1901.

In 1901 telephone service began and in 1937 Main Street was paved.

In 1901, there were 2 large brickworks in Lehigh, the Corey Pressed Brick Company and the Lehigh Clay Works, which began operation in 1900.

It replaces the former facility in the old office of Dr. John Pugh, a long-time Cotton Valley physician, who began his practice in 1901.

In 1899, the Detroit and Charlevoix Railroad built their mainline through the East side of the city, and in 1901 the East Jordan and Southern Railway began operations on the western end of the town.

Construction began in 1901 by laying a railway from the west end of the island to the east.

In 1901 the Kansas City, Mexico and Orient Railway, later bought by the Atchison, Topeka, and Sante Fe Railway, began purchasing rights-of-way and designating new townsites for a proposed railroad.

Hatton finally began to grow after 1901 and was platted on April 30, 1901 by James Bronson.