Symbols on Gerzean pottery resembling Egyptian hieroglyphs date back to c. 4000 BC, suggesting a still earlier possible date.

By the 27th century BC Egyptian writing had a set of some 24 hieroglyphs which are called uniliterals, to represent syllables that begin with a single consonant of their language, plus a vowel ( or no vowel ) to be supplied by the native speaker.

In the Middle Bronze Age an apparently " alphabetic " system known as the Proto-Sinaitic script is thought by some to have been developed in the Sinai peninsula during the 19th century BC, by Canaanite workers in the Egyptian turquoise mines.

The word can be traced from the Middle Egyptian ( c. 2000 BC ) word dj-b-t " mud sun-dried brick.

" As Middle Egyptian evolved into Late Egyptian, Demotic, and finally Coptic ( c. 600 BC ), dj-b-t became tobe " brick.

Egyptian civilization coalesced around 3150 BC ( according to conventional Egyptian chronology )< ref >

These scripts are thought to derive from the Proto-Sinaitic alphabet ( dated to about 1500 BC ), which is thought to derive from Egyptian hieroglyphs.

On March 30, 2010, a spokesman for the Egyptian Culture Ministry claimed it had unearthed a large red granite door in Luxor with inscriptions by User, a powerful adviser to the 18th dynasty Queen Hatshepsut who ruled between 1479 BC and 1458 BC, the longest of any woman.

* 30 BC – Cleopatra VII Philopator, the last ruler of the Egyptian Ptolemaic dynasty, commits suicide, allegedly by means of an asp bite.

Fist depicted in Sumerian relief ( in Iraq ) carvings from the 3rd millennium BC, while an ancient Egyptian relief from the 2nd millennium BC depicts both fist-fighters and spectators.

Assyria lasted a few more years after the loss of its fortress, but attempts by Egyptian Pharaoh Neco II to rally the Assyrians failed due to opposition from king Josiah of Judah, and it seemed to be all over by 609 BC.

File: Rosetta Stone. JPG | Room 4-The Rosetta Stone, 196 BC, key to the decipherment of Egyptian hieroglyphs.

Darius then began raising a huge new army with which he meant to completely subjugate Greece ; however, in 486 BC, his Egyptian subjects revolted, indefinitely postponing any Greek expedition.

In the meanwhile, Darius began raising a huge new army with which he meant to completely subjugate Greece ; however, in 486 BC, his Egyptian subjects revolted, indefinitely postponing any Greek expedition.

The alliance commonly known as the Second Triumvirate, renewed for a five-year term in 38 BC, broke down when Octavian came to perceive Caesarion, the son of Julius Caesar and the Egyptian Queen Cleopatra VII, as a major threat to his power.

The island is first referred to as Kaptara in texts from the Syrian city of Mari dating from the 18th century BC, repeated later in Neo-Assyrian records and the Bible ( Caphtor ) It was also known in ancient Egyptian as Keftiu, strongly suggesting some form similar to both was the Minoan name for the island.

However, an Assyrian king Ashur-uballit II held out at the Assyrian city of Harran, resisting until 605 BC, when the remnants of the Assyrian Army and an Egyptian force were defeated at Karchemish.

In Ancient Egyptian architecture as early as 2600 BC the architect Imhotep made use of stone columns whose surface was carved to reflect the organic form of bundled reeds ; in later Egyptian architecture faceted cylinders were also common.

Archeology delivers traces of dance from prehistoric times such as the 9, 000 year old Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka paintings in India and Egyptian tomb paintings depicting dancing figures from c. 3300 BC.

Ancient Egyptian texts dating from 2750 BC referred to these fish as the " Thunderer of the Nile ", and described them as the " protectors " of all other fish.

* 730 BC — Northern Egypt ceases to be ruled by Libyan pharaohs.

* 950 BC — Northern Egypt starts to be ruled by Libyan pharaohs.

By 2160 BC a new line of pharaohs ( the Ninth and Tenth Dynasties ) consolidated Lower Egypt from their capital in Herakleopolis Magna.

The later part of this period, under the Nineteenth and Twentieth Dynasties ( 1292-1069 BC ) is also known as the Ramesside period, after the eleven pharaohs that took the name of Ramesses.

c. 1555 BC-c. 1500 BC ), son of Ebana, served in the Egyptian military under the 17th and 18th dynasty pharaohs Tao II Seqenenre, Ahmose I, Amenhotep I, and Thutmose I.

c. 1530 BC-c. 1470 BC ), an ancient Egyptian official and military commander during the 18th Dynasty who started his career under Ahmose I and served all subsequent pharaohs until Thutmose III.

But the earliest extant building in the compound today is the Mammisi raised by Nectanebo II – last of the native pharaohs ( 360-343 BC ).

A series of three pharaohs ruled from 380 BC until their final defeat in 343 BC led to the re-occupation by the Persians.

These expressions of nationalism reached a peak in the reign of Ptolemy IV Philopator ( 221 – 205 BC ) when others gained control over one district and ruled as a line of native " pharaohs.

Ahab was succeeded by Ahaziah and Jehoram who reigned over Israel until Jehu's revolt of 842 BC.

His prudence and heroism preserved an un-walled Sparta against the revolts and conspiracies of helots, perioeci and even Spartans, and against her enemies, four different armies led by Epaminondas, that penetrated Laconia that same year, and again in 362 BC when they all but succeeded in seizing the city by a rapid and unexpected march.

He succeeded his father as king in 272 BC, and continued the war which his father had begun with Antigonus II Gonatas, whom he succeeded in driving from the kingdom of Macedon.

In 461 BC, Cimon was ostracized and was succeeded in his influence by democrats such as Ephialtes and Pericles.

However, by the summer of 501 BC, the three hereditary families had succeeded in expelling Yang Hu from Lu.

Nabopolassar was succeeded by Nebuchadnezzar II, who became king after the death of his father in 604 BC.

He was succeeded by Amel-Marduk, who was deposed after only 2 years on 560 BC.

Neriglissar however reigned for only four years, being succeeded by the youthful Labashi-Marduk in 560 BC.

Although experiencing some defeats early on in the campaign, Emperor Wu's war from 104 BC to 102 BC succeeded in gathering the prized tribute of horses from Fergana.

In 207 BC he succeeded in making his way again into Apulia, where he waited to concert measures for a combined march upon Rome with his brother Hasdrubal Barca.

() He died from natural causes around 687 BC when he was 54, and was succeeded by his son Manasseh ().

Eventually, this gifted student became dissatisfied with the level of philosophical instruction available in Alexandria, and went to Athens, the preeminent philosophical center of the day, in 431 to study at the Neoplatonic successor of the famous Academy founded 800 years ( in 387 BC ) before by Plato ; there he was taught by Plutarch of Athens ( not to be confused with Plutarch of Chaeronea ), Syrianus, and Asclepigenia ; he succeeded Syrianus as head of the Academy, and would in turn be succeeded on his death by Marinus of Neapolis.

Sennacherib ( pronounced ; Akkadian: Sîn-ahhī-erība " Sîn has replaced ( lost ) brothers for me ") was the son of Sargon II, whom he succeeded on the throne of Assyria ( 705 – 681 BC ).

Gelon was succeeded by his brother Hiero, who fought against the Etruscans at Cumae in 474 BC.

In 510 BC, he persuaded the Spartan king Cleomenes I to launch an attack on Athens, which succeeded in overthrowing Hippias.

* 1089 BC: Melanthus, legendary King of Athens, dies after a reign of 37 years and is succeeded by his son Codrus.

* 1048 BC: Medon, King of Athens, dies after a reign of 20 years and is succeeded by his son Acastus.

* 1044 BC: On the death of Smendes I, king of Egypt, he is succeeded by two co-regents, Psusennes I and Neferkare Amenemnisu.

* 1012 BC: Acastus, King of Athens, dies after a reign of 36 years and is succeeded by his son Archippus.

* 687 BC: Hezekiah succeeded by Manasseh as king of Judah.

* 627 BC: Death of Assurbanipal, king of Assyria ; he is succeeded by Assur-etel-ilani ( approximate date ).