The oldest predecessor to the class action rule was Equity Rule 48, promulgated in 1833, which allowed for representative suits in situations where there were too many individual parties ( which now forms the first requirement for class action litigation, numerosity ).

There are two allotropic forms and five naturally occurring isotopes of this element, < sup > 46 </ sup > Ti through < sup > 50 </ sup > Ti, with < sup > 48 </ sup > Ti being the most abundant ( 73. 8 %).

Audio can be stored in either of two forms: 16-bit Linear PCM stereo at 48 kHz sampling rate ( 768 kbit / s per channel, 1. 5 Mbit / s stereo ), or four nonlinear 12-bit PCM channels at 32 kHz sampling rate ( 384 kbit / s per channel, 1. 5 MBit / s for four channels ).

Wake ( 2003 ) was installed at the Olympic Sculpture Park in Seattle, with its five pairs of locked toroid forms measuring 14 feet high, 48 feet long and six feet wide apiece.

In a pure CaSiO < sub > 3 </ sub >, each component forms nearly half of the mineral by weight: 48. 3 % of CaO and 51. 7 % of SiO < sub > 2 </ sub >.

The training syllabus also includes 35 Chen Silk-Reeling and condensed 38 and 48 open-fist forms in addition to Chen Fake's ( modified ) Big Frame forms ( 87 and 73 ).

The two chiral forms of J < sub > 48 </ sub > are not considered different Johnson solids.

The alliteration of riche and reccheo in line 48 is often regarded as conclusive: the equivalent Old Saxon forms, rīke and wrekkio, do not alliterate and would have given a malformed line.

He distinguished three forms of subjective stroboscopy which he called alpha, beta, and gamma: Alpha stroboscopy occurs at 8 – 12 cycles per second ; the wheel appears to become stationary, although " some sectors look as though they are performing a hurdle race over the standing ones " ( p. 48 ).

Tenters that lose their spot or non-tenters can, however, take their chances at the walk-up line, which forms 48 hours before tipoff.

After mating, a copulatory plug forms, which is expelled about 48 hours later.

*** Order Anura ( frogs and toads ): Jurassic to present — 5, 602 current species in 48 families

Populations recovered and stabilized, so the species was removed from the U. S. federal government's list of endangered species and transferred to the list of threatened species on July 12, 1995, and it was removed from the List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife in the Lower 48 States on June 28, 2007.

The major species grown worldwide is Solanum tuberosum ( a tetraploid with 48 chromosomes ), and modern varieties of this species are the most widely cultivated.

This study analyzed 48, 000 single nucleotide polymorphisms and found no evidence for a unique Eastern wolf or red wolf species.

Between 48 to 54 % of all 328 of their species considered threatened, turtles and tortoises are at a much higher risk of extinction than many other vertebrates.

Only 48 bird species regularly nest along the river, while others use the river as a migration corridor or as overwintering habitat.

A recent DNA study of 48 species concluded that Prunus is monophyletic and is descended from some Eurasian ancestor .< ref name = bor >.

There are 62 plant species which are unique to the park and a further 48 are rarely found elsewhere.

Fir ( Abies ) is a genus of 48 – 55 species of evergreen coniferous tree in the family Pinaceae.

The river supports up 140 species of fish ( although only 48 to 75 are proved to exist in the river ), 7, 000 species of plants, and 80 endangered species.

The Gauja National Park is part of these forests and has more than 900 kinds of plants, 48 species of mammals and 149 species of birds.

The Little Crow ( Corvus bennetti ) is an Australian species of crow, very similar to the Torresian Crow in having white bases to the neck and head feathers ( shown when ruffled in strong wind ) but slightly smaller ( 42 – 48 cm in length ) and with a proportionately smaller bill.

Some of the differences, between the two species, are that the Little raven: on average a little smaller than the Australian Raven ( 48 – 50 cm in length ), though sizes do overlap between both species ; the beak is slightly smaller and more curved, calls are shorter and the throat bulges out less while calling.

It is estimated that 48, 200 species of mites have been described.

In the delta of the river and nearby regions live about 48 animal species belonging to 7 orders ; most common are rodents ( 21 species ) and predators ( 12 ).

The checklists of Sclater and Elliot at the end of the 19th century contained 48 and 47 species each.

There are 71 known taxa of endemic Hawaiian birds, of which 23 are extinct and 30 of the remaining 48 species and subspecies are listed as endangered or threatened by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

Mature fish average 121 – 137 cm ( 48 – 54 in ), although many fish are caught before they can grow this large.

Newport is one of the two major fishing ports of Oregon ( along with Astoria ) that ranks in the top twenty of fishing ports in the U. S. Its port averaged 105 million pounds ( 48, 000 t ) of fish landed in 1997-2000.

Both parents feed them small aquatic invertebrates initially, then small fish for 38 – 48 days.

Other vertebrates that survive at body temperatures below 0 ° C include painted turtles ( Chrysemys picta ), Gray tree frog ( Hyla versicolor ), Box turtles ( Terrapene )- 48 hours at-2 ° C, Spring peeper ( Pseudacris crucifer ), Garter snakes ( Thamnophis sirtalis )- 24 hours at-1. 5 ° C, the chorus frog ( Pseudacris triseriata ), Siberian salamander ( Salamandrella keyserlingii ), 24 hours at-15. 3 ° C, European common lizard ( Lacerta vivipara ) and Antarctic fish such as Pagothenia borchgrevinki.

Jamaica Bay and nearby Breezy Point support seasonal or year-round populations of over 330 species of special emphasis and listed species, incorporating 48 species of fish and 120 species of birds.

The maximum age recorded so far has been 48 years, with a maximum weight of 150 kg-there are few fish older than about 30 years caught in the fishery.

A Fisheries and Oceans Canada report revealed that Chinook Salmon held in cages off Britannia Creek died in less than 48 hours because of the toxic metals in the water, whereas fish held off Porteau Cove had a 100 per cent survival rate.

According to the Food and Agriculture Organization ( FAO ), the world harvest in 2005 consisted of 93. 3 million tonnes captured by commercial fishing in wild fisheries, plus 48. 1 million tonnes produced by fish farms.

The fish weighed 48 lb, 0 oz ( 21. 77 kg ).

Initially budgeted at € 13. 1 million, the scheme was delivered at a cost in excess of € 48 million and did not contain suitable fish passes.

Different organisms have different numbers of somites, for example frogs have ~ 10, humans have 33, fish have ~ 48, and snakes have more than 300.

Surgical decompression by fish tail means of laminectomy or other approaches may be undertaken within 48 hours of symptoms developing if a compressive lesion, e. g. ruptured disc, epidural abscess, tumour or haematoma is demonstrated.

But there are smaller snippets of tradition preserved in the Historia Brittonum: in Chapter 31, we are told that Vortigern ruled in fear of Ambrosius ; later, in Chapter 66, various events are dated from a Battle of Guoloph ( often identified with Wallop, ESE of Amesbury near Salisbury ), which is said to have been between Ambrosius and Vitolinus ; lastly, in Chapter 48, it is said that Pascent, the son of Vortigern, was granted rule over the regions of Buellt and Gwrtheyrnion by Ambrosius.

§ 48 and § 49 VwVfG have a high relevance in practice, as well.

Of the 48 constellations listed by Ptolemy, thirty can be shown to have a much longer history, reaching back into at least the Late Bronze Age.

Calcium has four stable isotopes (< sup > 40 </ sup > Ca, < sup > 42 </ sup > Ca, < sup > 43 </ sup > Ca and < sup > 44 </ sup > Ca ), plus two more isotopes (< sup > 46 </ sup > Ca and < sup > 48 </ sup > Ca ) that have such long half-lives that for all practical purposes they also can be considered stable.

In copyright law, European directive 2004 / 48 / EC on the Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights bases damages on, " the amount of royalties which would have been due if the infringer has requested authorisation ".

* math enthusiasts who can in less than 25 seconds mentally solve 2 x 5 digit multiplication problems ( e. g., 23 x 48, 856 ) that have been presented orally by the researcher.

48 U. S. states permit concealed carry, and several states have well over 200, 000 permit holders.

Beyond the microsong, it is characteristic of grindcore to have short songs in general ; for example, Carcass ' debut album Reek of Putrefaction ( 1988 ) consists of 22 tracks with an average length of 1 minute and 48 seconds.

In the District of Columbia any police officer, physician, or mental health professional can request to have an individual evaluated at St. Elizabeths Hospital, where they may be detained for up to 48 hours at the direction of the physician on duty.

Creators like Dutch director Chantal Harvey, producer of the 48 Hour Film Project Machinima sector, have created upwards of 200 films using the platform.

On his deathbed, Murad IV ordered the execution of his mentally disabled brother, Ibrahim I ( reigned 1640 – 48 ), which would have meant the end of the Ottoman line ; but the order was not carried out.

The remaining 48 airports have unpaved runways including one airport with a runway longer than 3, 047 meters.

As predicted earlier by Bolton, 3C 48 was found to have a redshift of 37 % the speed of light.

In Ontario, Canada, Software Engineers who graduate from a Canadian Engineering Accreditation Board ( CEAB ) accredited program, successfully complete PEO's ( Professional Engineers Ontario ) Professional Practice Examination ( PPE ) and have at least 48 months of acceptable engineering experience are eligible to be licensed through the Professional Engineers Ontario and can become Professional Engineers P. Eng.

Thirteen radioisotopes have been characterized with the most stable being < sup > 46 </ sup > Sc with a half-life of 83. 8 days, < sup > 47 </ sup > Sc with a half-life of 3. 35 days, and < sup > 48 </ sup > Sc with a half-life of 43. 7 hours.

INS will have 48 hours ( or unlimited time under emergencies ) instead of the previous 24 in which to decide whether to charge detained individuals.

The French s have a 48 MW reactor that needs no refueling for 30 years.

He was Consul in 48, and assumed Proconsul of Africa in either 60 or 61, in which capacity he is said to have acquitted himself with credit.

As Secretary of State in 1947 – 48, Marshall seems to have disagreed with strong opinions in The Pentagon and State department that Chiang's success was vital to American interests, insisting that U. S. troops not become involved.

Counties are used in 48 of the 50 unitary states ; the other two states ( Connecticut and Rhode Island ) have abolished their counties as functional entities, and Massachusetts is in the process of doing so.

He would often work for fifteen hours or more at a stretch ; he claimed to have once worked for 48 hours with only three hours of rest in the middle.

In the recently released SonicStage version 3. 2 and 3. 3 some more bitrates have been introduced, the available bitrates are: 48, 64, 96, 128, 160, 192, 256, 320 and 352 kbit / s.

Of the fatalities, 53 have resulted from falls ; 65 deaths were attributable to environmental causes, including heat stroke, cardiac arrest, dehydration, and hypothermia ; 7 were caught in flash floods ; 79 were drowned in the Colorado River ; 242 perished in airplane and helicopter crashes ( 128 of them in the 1956 disaster mentioned below ); 25 died in freak errors and accidents, including lightning strikes and rock falls ; 48 committed suicide ; and 23 were the victims of homicides.

The components of the DJIA have changed 48 times in its 116 year history.