The transition from the European Copper Age to Bronze Age Europe occurs about the same time, between the late 5th and the late 3rd millennia BC.

Tepe Yahya, an ancient trading city in southeastern Iran, was a centre for the production and distribution of soapstone in the 5th – 3rd millennia BC.

The Vinča symbols, sometimes called the Vinča signs, Vinča script, Vinča-Turdaş script, Old European script, etc, are a set of symbols found on Neolithic era ( 6th to 5th millennia BCE ) artifacts from the Vinča culture of southeastern Europe.

** Starcevo-Criş culture ( Starčevo I, Körös, Criş, Central Balkans, 7th to 5th millennia )

** Linear Ceramic culture ( 6th to 5th millennia )

** Ertebølle culture ( 5th to 3rd millennia )

It is noteworthy that the region north of the river Jabbok, or Bashan, " the land of Rephaim ", contains hundreds of megalithic stone tombs ( dolmen ) dating from the 5th to 3rd millennia BC.

Mari had been inhabited since the 5th millennium BC, but the real significance of the city was during the third and second millennia BC.

The model of a " Kurgan culture " postulates cultural similarity between the various cultures of the Chalcolithic to Early Bronze Age ( 5th to 3rd millennia BC ) Pontic-Caspian steppe to justify the identification as a single archaeological culture or cultural horizon.

* Dnieper-Donets ( 5th to 4th millennia )

* Samara culture, 5th – 4th millennia BC

The earliest archaeological evidence for the use of the Greek abacus dates to the 5th century BC.

From the neolithic age Asia Minor was the route of the forward-Asiatic cultural stream which moved from the Near East to the west and spread the agriculture to the east coasts of Greece and Crete during the 5th millennium BC and then to the Balkan region and the whole of Europe.

In this way, the South Arabian alphabet evolved into the Ge ' ez alphabet between the 5th century BC and the 5th century AD.

** Laozi ( 5th – 4th century BC )

: Leucippus ( first half of 5th century BC )

: Hippias ( middle of the 5th century BC )

By the late 5th century BC, philosophers might separate Aphrodite into two separate goddesses, not individuated in cult: Aphrodite Ourania, born from the sea foam after Cronus castrated Uranus, and Aphrodite Pandemos, the common Aphrodite " of all the folk ," born from Zeus and Dione.

A centre for the arts, learning and philosophy, home of Plato's Academy and Aristotle's Lyceum, it is widely referred to as the cradle of Western civilization and the birthplace of democracy, largely due to the impact of its cultural and political achievements during the 5th and 4th centuries BC in later centuries on the rest of the then known European continent.

* Silanus of Ambracia, 5th BC seer

The Italian scholar Maggiani recently showed that on an Etruscan tomb dedicated to Racvi Satlnei in Bologna ( 5th century BC ) there is a writing that says: " aivastelmunsl

Herm of Hermes, Roman copy of a late 5th century BC original, the forefront inscription states the herm was made by Alcamenes and placed infront of the gates of Pergamon, Istanbul Archaeology Museums | Istanbul Museums.

Alcamenes () was an ancient Greek sculptor of Lemnos and Athens, who flourished in the 2nd half of the 5th century BC.

5th century BC sarcophagus found in Amathus integrates Greek, Cypriot, and Oriental features

Throughout the 5th century BC, Athens sought to consolidate its control over Thrace, which was strategically important because of its primary materials ( the gold and silver of the Pangaion hills and the dense forests essential for naval construction ), and the sea routes vital for Athens ' supply of grain from Scythia.

In the 5th century BC we often hear of the assembly sitting as a court of judgment itself for trials of political importance and it is not a coincidence that 6000 is the number both for the full quorum for the assembly and for the annual pool from which jurors were picked for particular trials.

In the 5th century BC, there were 10 fixed assembly meetings per year, one in each of the ten state months, with other meetings called as needed.

In the 5th century BC, principally as seen through the figure of Pericles, the generals could be among the most powerful people in the polis.

In one case from the 5th century BC, the ten treasurers of the Delian league ( the Hellenotamiai ) were accused at their scrutinies of misappropriation of funds.

During the 5th century BC, the Acropolis gained its final shape.

The account which Herodotus gives of the hostilities between the two states in the early years of the 5th century BC is to the following effect.

* Onatas ( 5th century BC ), sculptor

* Ptolichus ( 5th century BC ), sculptor

However, isolated examples of copper-zinc alloys are known in China from as early as the 5th Millennium BC.

Go is also mentioned in the Analects of Confucius ( c. 5th century BC ).

The first evidence of human metallurgy dates to between the 5th and 6th millennium BCE in the archaeological sites of Majdanpek, Yarmovac and Pločnik ( a copper axe from 5500 BCE belonging to the Vincha culture, though not conventionally considered part of the Chalcolithic or " Copper Age ", this provides the earliest known example of copper metallurgy.

Cotton was first cultivated in the Old World 7, 000 years ago ( 5th millennium BC ), by the inhabitants of Indus Valley civilisation currently situated in Western Pakistan, for example as the site of Mehrgarh where early cotton thread has been preserved in copper beads.

The Dukes of Devonshire have been closely involved with Buxton since 1780, when the 5th Duke used the profits from his copper mines to develop the town as a spa in the style of Bath.

Each piece of rail is ( forty thousandths ) high and is manually affixed to the roadbed by solder to copper clad ties placed every 5th tie.

Finds from ancient Eliki are limited to two 5th century copper coins, now housed in the Staatliches Museum, Berlin.

Attractions include a red brick tower, once lime washed and still called the White Tower, the Monument standing over 100 ft high commemorating Sir Rowland Hill who was the first Protestant Mayor of London, the Cleft which is spanned by the Swiss Bridge, the Grotto which may have originated as a 5th century copper mine and the Arch atop of Grotto Hill, plus various caves, tunnels through the rock, walkways, viewpoints and trails winding through Rhododendron plantations.

The Khvalynsk culture was an Eneolithic ( copper age ) culture of the first half of the 5th millennium BC, discovered at Khvalynsk on the Volga in Saratov Oblast, Russia.

Rudna Glava ( Ore Head ) is a mining site in present-day eastern Serbia that demonstrates one of the earliest evidences of European copper mining and metallurgy, dating to the 5th millennium BC.