* 1800 – John Appold, British fur dyer and engineer ( d. 1865 )

Modern Canadian football is widely regarded as having originated with a game played in Montreal, in 1865, when British Army officers played local civilians.

English and British statutes are part of Canadian law because of the Colonial Laws Validity Act, 1865, section 129 of the Constitution Act, 1867, and the Statute of Westminster 1931.

During the American Civil War ( 1861 – 1865 ), the Union feared that the seceded Confederate States of America ( CSA ) would plan a northerly attack from Canada, which was still owned by the British Empire and remained neutral in the war.

* 1865 – Mrs. Patrick Campbell, British actress ( d. 1940 )

However, his discoveries were not appreciated by his contemporaries and came into general use only with discoveries of British surgeon Joseph Lister, who in 1865 proved the principles of antisepsis in the treatment of wounds ; However, medical conservatism on new breakthroughs in pre-existing science prevented them from being generally well received during the 19th century.

* SS Java, a British and French ocean liner built in 1865

* 1865 – Treaty of Sinchula is signed by which Bhutan cedes the areas east of the Teesta River to the British East India Company.

During the American Civil War ( 1861 – 1865 ), British leaders personally disliked American republicanism and favoured the more aristocratic Confederacy, as it had been a major source of cotton for textile mills.

* May 29 – May Whitty, British actress ( b. 1865 )

* January 18 – Rudyard Kipling, British writer, Nobel Prize laureate ( b. 1865 )

* August 14 – Alfred Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Northcliffe, British newspaper magnate ( b. 1865 )

* July 7 – William Henry Smith, British businessman ( d. 1865 )

* September 29 – Elizabeth Gaskell, British novelist ( d. 1865 )

* March 12 – Isabella Beeton, British cook and expert on household management ( d. 1865 )

After the American Civil War ended in 1865, British and French traders abandoned Egyptian cotton and returned to cheap American exports, sending Egypt into a deficit spiral that led to the country declaring bankruptcy in 1876, a key factor behind Egypt's occupation by the British Empire in 1882.

Britain abolished slavery throughout the British Empire with the Slavery Abolition Act 1833, the French colonies abolished it 15 years later, and slavery in the United States was abolished in 1865, after the American Civil War, with the 13th Amendment to the U. S. Constitution.

The land that was to become Bhutan House was ceded from Bhutan to British India in 1865 at the conclusion the Duar War and as a condition of the Treaty of Sinchula.

The Treaty of Punakha amended two articles of the 1865 treaty: the British agreed to double their annual stipend to 100, 000 rupees and " to exercise no interference in the internal administration of Bhutan.

Famous illustrators for British editions include: Arthur Boyd Houghton, John Tenniel, John Everett Millais and George John Pinwell for Dalziel's Illustrated Arabian Nights Entertainments, published in 1865 ; Walter Crane for Aladdin's Picture Book ( 1876 ); Albert Letchford for the 1897 edition of Burton ’ s translation ; Edmund Dulac for Stories from the Arabian Nights ( 1907 ), Princess Badoura ( 1913 ) and Sindbad the Sailor & Other Tales from the Arabian Nights ( 1914 ).

On June 30, 1865, she signed a treaty with the United Kingdom giving British citizens the right to rent land and property on the island and to have a resident ambassador.

A British naval base, including a large shipyard and a naval hospital, was established at Esquimalt, in 1865 and eventually taken over by the Canadian military.

Edith Louisa Cavell (; 4 December 1865 – 12 October 1915 ) was a British nurse and patriot.

The Gatling gun may have been the first automatic weapon, though the modern trigger-actuated machine gun was not widely introduced until the First World War with the German " Spandau " and British Lewis Gun.

For example, four miles past the Ineyzane River, after the British had comfortably crossed, and after they had spent a day consolidating their advance, the Zulu finally launched a typical " buffalo horn " encirclement attack that was seen off with withering fire from not only breach-loading Martini-Henry rifles, but 7-pounder artillery and Gatling guns.

* When Lord Rathbone revealed an automatic Gatling gun and said it was British ingenuity he was partially incorrect.

Newbolt's reference to the Gatling is incorrect as the British force at Abu Klea had the American Gardner machine gun, whose name scans just as well as Gatling ( but perhaps he knew that in listening to the poem the name " Gardner " could have been misheard as " gardener ").

This position allowed the British to move the Gatling gun onto the crest where its rapid fire soon drove the Zulus off the centre and left end of the ridge, as the British mounted troops came up the right-hand spur to complete the action.

The sultan's artillery, which consisted of several Maxim machine guns, a Gatling gun, a 17th century bronze cannon and two 12 pounder field guns, was aimed at the British ships in the harbour.

At this point, the British Royal Navy, which had successfully deployed the Gatling gun, became interested in the weapon, and Gardner was invited to England to exhibit his invention.

A Gatling gun unit commanded by George Custer stopped the British invasion of Montana in 1882.

British and American forces also deployed vehicles designed for a close support role, but these were conventional tanks whose only significant modification was the replacement of the main gun with a howitzer.

Light armored cars, such as the British Ferret are armed with just a machine gun.

A World War 1, British, truck – mounted, QF 3 inch gun

A predecessor of the WW2 German " 88 " anti-aircraft gun, the WWI German 77 mm anti-aircraft gun, was truck-mounted and used to great effect against British tanks.

Between the wars the British developed the Birch gun, a general purpose artillery piece on an armoured tracked chassis capable of maintaining formation with their current tanks.

Starting in 1941, the British developed the " en portee " method of mounting an anti-tank gun ( initially a 2 pounder ) on a truck.

The British developed their own SPAAGs throughout the war mounting multiple machine guns and light cannon on various tank and armoured car chassis and by 1943, the Crusader AA tanks, which mounted the Bofors 40 mm gun or two-three Oerlikon 20 mm cannon.

The British introduced the tank as invulnerable to machine gun fire, and able to cross trenches and breach barbed wire, to lead men across the battlefield.

The official army position, backed by the British Home Secretary the next day in the House of Commons, was that the paratroopers had reacted to gun and nail bomb attacks from suspected IRA members.

* Coventry Ordnance Works, British gun manufacturer

The British and French armies dismounted many of their cavalry regiments and used them in infantry and other roles: the Life Guards for example spent the last months of the War as a machine gun corps ; and the Australian Light Horse served as light infantry during the Gallipoli campaign.

The British Churchill tank because of its good cross-country performance and capacious interior with side hatches became the most adapted with modifications, the base unit being the AVRE carrying a large demolition gun.

The British military adopted the Armstrong gun, and was impressed ; the Duke of Cambridge even declared that it " could do everything but speak.

Because of the resemblance to Damascus steel, higher-end barrels were made by Belgian and British gun makers.

Realizing the need for heavier gun armament, the British built the Tribal class of 1936 ( sometimes called " Afridi " after one of two lead ships ).

In a few hours 10, 000 Dervishes were killed by rifle and machine gun fire without any of them getting within 600 yards of the British force.

The British gun brig Nancy was sent to rescue the survivors.

Some of the first such " fighters " belonged to the " gunbus " series of experimental gun carriers of the British Vickers company that culminated in the Vickers F. B. 5 Gunbus of 1914.

The British Foster mounting was specifically designed for this kind of application, fitted with the Lewis Machine gun, which due to its design was unsuitable for synchronizing.

At the British Bomber Command, Dyson and colleagues proposed ripping out two gun turrets from the RAF Lancaster bombers, to cut the catastrophic losses to German fighters in the Battle of Berlin.

The bullpup design, by mounting the magazine behind the trigger, unifies the accuracy and firepower of the traditional assault rifle with the compact size of the submachine gun ( though submachine guns are still used ); examples are the French FAMAS or the British SA80.