Although modern scholars have expressed surprise that `` the simple magic square of three '', a mere `` mathematical puzzle '', was able to exert a considerable influence on the minds and imaginations of the cultured Chinese for so many centuries, they could have found most of the answers right within the square itself.

But, up to now, no one has attempted to analyze its inherent mathematical properties, or the numerical significance of its numbers -- singly or in combination -- and then tried to consider these in the light of Old Chinese cosmological concepts.

The tremendous emphasis on the 5 in the Lo Shu square -- for purely mathematical reasons -- and the fact that this number so neatly symbolized the heart and center of the universe, could well explain why the Old Chinese seem to have so revered the number 5, and why they put so much stress on the concept of Centrality.

Whereas the primary meanings of the Lo Shu diagram seemed to have been based on its inner mathematical properties -- and we shall see that even its secondary meanings rested on some mathematical bases -- the urgent desire to place everything into categories of fives led to other groupings based on other numbers, until an exaggerated emphasis on mere numerology pervaded Chinese thought.

Although the primary mathematical properties of the middle number at the center of the Lo Shu, and the interrelation of all the other numbers to it, might seem enough to account for the deep fascination which the Lo Shu held for the Old Chinese philosophers, this was actually only a beginning of wonders.

A more general binomial theorem and the so-called " Pascal's triangle " were known in the 10th-century A. D. to Indian mathematician Halayudha and Persian mathematician Al-Karaji, in the 11th century to Persian poet and mathematician Omar Khayyam, and in the 13th century to Chinese mathematician Yang Hui, who all derived similar results .< ref > Al-Karaji also provided a mathematical proof of both the binomial theorem and Pascal's triangle, using mathematical induction.

The method of Gaussian elimination appears in the important Chinese mathematical textChapter Eight Rectangular Arrays of The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art.

Important physical and mathematical traditions also existed in ancient Chinese and Indian sciences.

In the 3rd century, Liu Hui would provide commentary on this important early Chinese mathematical treatise.

Specifying Chinglish to mean " Chinese words literally translated into English ", an experiment in linguistic clarity found that mathematical terms are more readily understandable in Chinglish than English.

In 263, he edited and published a book with solutions to mathematical problems presented in the famous Chinese book of mathematics known as The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art ( 九章算术 ).

* Chinese postman problem, a mathematical problem in graph theory

He takes an interest in the state of K-12 mathematics education in China, and his criticisms of the Chinese education system, corruption in the academic world in China, and the quality of mathematical research and education, have been widely publicized.

Lo Shu is part of the legacy of the most ancient Chinese mathematical and divinatory ( Yi Jing 易經 ) traditions, and is an important emblem in Feng Shui ( 風水 ), the art of geomancy concerned with the placement of objects in relation to the flow of qi ( 氣 ) ' natural energy '.

The ancient Chinese defined, by mathematical means, a gamut or series of Shi Er Lü ( called the 十二律 12 lü ) from which various sets of five or seven frequencies were selected to make the sort of " do re mi " major scale familiar to those who have been formed with the Western Standard notation.

In the ancient Chinese mathematical text called The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art ( 九章算術 ), dated from 200 BC to AD 100, most of Chapter 7 was devoted to the algorithm.

Reportedly he was the first Chinese mathematician to publish a research paper from China in any mathematical journal.

It relies on the Chinese remainder theorem of modular arithmetic for its operation, a mathematical idea from Sun Tsu Suan-Ching ( Master Sun ’ s Arithmetic Manual ) in the 4th century AD.

While engaged in this work, the two Jesuits wrote several mathematical treatises in the Manchu language which the emperor caused to be translated into Chinese, adding the prefaces himself.

It was one of the most influential of all Chinese mathematical books and it is composed of some 246 problems.

Almost as old at the Chou Pei, and perhaps the most influential of all Chinese mathematical books, was the Jiuzhang suanshu, or Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art.

He also used He Chengtian's interpolation method for approximating irrational number with fraction in his astronomy and mathematical works, he obtained as a good fraction approximate for pi ; Yoshio Mikami commented that neither the Greeks, nor the Hindus nor Arabs knew about this fraction approximation to pi, not until the Dutch mathematician Adrian Anthoniszoom rediscovered it in 1585, " the Chinese had therefore been possessed of this the most extraordinary of all fractional values over a whole millennium earlier than Europe " Along with his son, Zu Geng, Zu Chongzhi used the Cavalieri Method to find an accurate solution for calculating the volume of the sphere.

Among the most important are a controversial treatise on the Catholic Faith, in which are refuted what he saw as the principal errors of the Chinese ; The True Origin of All Things ; and The Life of God, the Saviour, from the Four Gospels.

* Jiao Yu, Chinese general and author of the Huolongjing military treatise

* 1070 – With a team of scholars, the Chinese official Su Song also published the Ben Cao Tu Jing in 1070, a treatise on pharmacology, botany, zoology, metallurgy, and mineralogy.

* Significant to the history of agriculture, the Chinese author Jia Sixia wrote the treatise Qi Min Yao Shu in 535, and although it quotes 160 previous Chinese agronomy books, it is the oldest existent Chinese agriculture treatise.

* Significant to the history of agriculture, Chinese author Jia Sixia writes the treatise " Chimin Yaoshu " in this year, and although it quotes 160 previous Chinese agronomy books, it is the oldest existent Chinese agriculture treatise.

* Song Dynasty Chinese astronomer, engineer, and statesman Su Song completes the compilation of the Ben Cao Tu Jing, a pharmaceutical treatise with related subjects of botany, zoology, mineralogy, and metallurgy.

The earliest surviving recipes for gunpowder can be found in the Chinese military treatise Wujing zongyao of 1044 AD, which contains three: two for use in incendiary bombs to be thrown by siege engines and one intended as fuel for poison smoke bombs.

* Chinese architect and government minister Li Jie ( 1065 – 1110 ) publishes his Yingzao Fashi technical treatise on Chinese architecture during the reign of Emperor Huizong of Song.

* The Chinese military treatise of the Wujing Zongyao is written and compiled by scholars Zeng Gongliang ( 曾公亮 ), Ding Du ( 丁度 ), and Yang Weide ( 楊惟德 ) during the Song Dynasty.

* The Song Dynasty Chinese scientist and statesman Su Song publishes his Xin Yi Xiang Fa Yao, a treatise outlining the construction and operation of his complex astronomical clocktower built in Kaifeng, China.

The first known written record of the plant is found in Qí mín yào shù, an ancient Chinese agricultural treatise completed in 544.

Both Sun Wu and Sun Bin were referred to as Sun Tzu in classical Chinese writings, and some historians believed that Sun Wu was in fact Sun Bin until Sun Bin's own treatise was discovered in 1972.

A Chinese Tang Dynasty tricolored Ceramic glaze | glaze porcelain horse ( ca.

The earliest known Chinese metal tokens were made ca.

Chan 1963: 35-37 ), by Chinese historian Sima Qian ( ca.

Nāgārjuna ( Devanagari: न ा ग ा र ् ज ु न, Telugu: న ా గ ా ర ్ జ ు న, Tibetan: ཀ ླུ་ ས ྒྲུ བ ་ klu sgrub, Chinese: 龍樹, Sinhala න ා ගර ් ප ු න ) ( ca.

In Middle Chinese ( ca.

In Old Chinese ( ca.

" At a very early period the Chinese recognized the Cannabis plant as dioecious ," and the ( ca.

Chinoiserie is the catch-all term for the fashion for Chinese themes in decoration in Western Europe, beginning in the late 17th century and peaking in waves, especially Rococo Chinoiserie, ca.

In Ancient Eastern Asia, Chinese hegemony was present during the Spring and Autumn Period ( ca.

The earliest reliable reference ( circa 100 BCE ) to Laozi is found in the Records of the Grand Historian ( Shiji ) by Chinese historian Sima Qian ( ca.

A Chinese Tang Dynasty tri-color Ceramic glaze | glaze d porcelain horse ( ca.

The religion of pre-Angkorian Cambodia, known to the Chinese as Funan ( 1st century AD to ca.

ca: Chinese Camp

To prevent the migration of Chinese to those regions ( today's Jilin and Heilongjiang, as well as the adjacent parts of Inner Mongolia ), the so-called Willow Palisade was constructed ( ca.

Chinese língqì 靈氣 was first recorded in the ( ca.

The ten Celestial or Heavenly Stems () are a Chinese system of ordinals that first appear during the Shang dynasty, ca.

The Chinese pilgrim Fa Hsien ( ca.

* Xia Dynasty, Chinese dynasty, ca.

Regular script (; Hepburn: kaisho ), also called 正楷 (), 真書 ( zhēnshū ), 楷体 ( kǎitǐ ) and 正書 ( zhèngshū ), is the newest of the Chinese script styles ( appearing by the Cao Wei dynasty ca.

The first historical records of Himiko are found in a Chinese classic text, the ca.

Confirmed as ruler over Temasek by an envoy of the Chinese Emperor ca 1366.

Old Korean is attested in Chinese histories, in the Three Kingdoms period of Korea ( ca.

It has been described by Princeton University Press ( regarding the Roy translation ) as " a landmark in the development of the narrative art form-not only from a specifically Chinese perspective but in a world-historical context ... noted for its surprisingly modern technique " and " with the possible exception of The Tale of Genji ( ca.

Tiān 天 reconstructions in Middle Chinese ( ca.