* Ban Chao ( Pan-Ch ’ ao ), competing with the Xiongnu, imposes a Chinese protectorate on the kings of Lop Nor and Khotan in the Tarim basin, with the aim of controlling the Silk Road.

* The Chinese reestablish a protectorate of the Western Regions.

* Annam ( French protectorate ), old Chinese name of Vietnam

Ming dynasty China warned Thailand and the Majapahit against trying to conquer and attack the Malacca sultanate, placing the Malacca Sultanate under Chinese protection as a protectorate, and giving the ruler of Malacca the title of King.

had maintained an autonomous rule in Cao Bằng under the protectorate of Chinese Dynasties until 1677.

The other major part of the claim relies on the fact that by the time the Gando Convention was signed in 1909, the Korean state ( by that time the Korean Empire ) was neither consulted nor had any way of disputing the legitimacy of the treaty as it was already a protectorate of the Japanese Empire and was essentially prevented from resolving or re-negotiating the boundary dispute as an independent state, and as such the Gando Convention, like other unequal treaties ( such as the Eulsa Treaty and the Japan-Korea treaty of 1910 ) dealing with Korean territory / governance or claims made by Imperial Japan, should be revoked and the boundary dispute rectified between Korea ( though there is no stated consensus on which of the two current Koreas should be party to this ) and the People's Republic of China ( though the Republic of China, as the nationalist successor to the Qing Dynasty, may be a more legitimate party to this on the Chinese side as it still claims all of the territory held while the Qing Dynasty still ruled China as a sovereign state ).

These Chinese communities had extensive autonomy during the French protectorate period.

It was said that during Du's service as protectorate general, he cared greatly for the soldiers under him and worked hard, earning the love of both the Han Chinese and the non-Han.

Then the Chinese hostler, who rode with Vernon on the box, would break open a hamper and produce filets of smoked bass or sturgeon, sandwiches, pickled eggs, and a rum sangaree to be heated over a spirit lamp.

My father went as a missionary to China in a generation that responded to Student Volunteer Movement speakers who held watches in their hands and announced to the students in their audiences how many Chinese souls were going to hell each second because these students were not over there saving them.

On 23 September 2011, Bille August announced that he has opened his studio in Hangzhou, China and taken a position as Tianpeng Media's Art Director, aiming to produce Chinese films for Tianpeng Media over the next few years.

In a lively exchange over what has come to be referred to as " The Chinese room Argument ", John Searle sought to refute the claim of proponents of what he calls ' Strong Artificial Intelligence ( AI )' that a computer program can be conscious, though he does agree with advocates of " Weak AI " that computer programs can be formatted to " simulate " conscious states.

Chromium oxide was used by the Chinese in the Qin dynasty over 2, 000 years ago to coat weapons such as bronze crossbow bolts and steel swords found at the Terracotta Army.

As a result, these terms are virtually indistinguishable from native Chinese words: indeed, there is some dispute over some of these terms as to whether the Japanese or Chinese coined them first.

In this period, the Chinese worshipped many different gods — weather gods and sky gods — and also a supreme god, named Shangdi, who ruled over the other gods.

Internally, the Taiping Rebellion ( 1851 – 1864 ), a quasi-Christian religious movement led by the " Heavenly King " Hong Xiuquan, would raid roughly a third of Chinese territory for over a decade until they were finally crushed in the Third Battle of Nanking in 1864.

By 1949, the CPC had established control over most of the country ( see Chinese Civil War ).

Major combat in the Chinese Civil War ended in 1949 with Kuomintang ( KMT ) pulling out of the mainland, with the government relocating to Taipei and maintaining control only over a few islands.

The idea of Filial piety influenced the Chinese legal system: a criminal would be punished more harshly if the culprit had committed the crime against a parent, while fathers often exercised enormous power over their children.

Although Confucianism is often followed in a religious manner by the Chinese, arguments continue over whether it is a religion.

With increasing wealth, Chinese diets have become richer over time, consuming more meats, fats, and sugar ( with the major exception of late 1950s famine ).

In the fast-paced or Super Chinese Checkers variant, played in Mainland China and popular in France, a piece may hop over a non-adjacent piece.

The Chinese Cheka detachments stationed in Kiev reportedly would attach an iron tube to the torso of a bound victim and insert a rat in the tube closed off with wire netting, while the tube was held over a flame until the rat began gnawing through the victim's guts in an effort to escape.

The Battle of Talas in 751 CE was a conflict between the Arab Abbasid Caliphate and the Chinese Tang Dynasty over the control of Central Asia.

With over 200, 000 Chinese casualties, Chiang lost the political cream of his Whampoa-trained officers.

The Ming Chinese also mounted over 3, 000 cast bronze and iron cannon on the Great Wall of China, to defend against the Mongols.

He is generally credited with developing China into one of the fastest growing economies in the world for over 30 years and raising the standard of living of hundreds of millions of Chinese.

* 1927 – Guangzhou Uprising: Communist militia and worker Red Guards launch an uprising in the Chinese city of Guangzhou, taking over most of the city and announcing the formation of a Guangzhou Soviet.

In English, the words Daoism and Taoism ( or ) are the subject of an ongoing controversy over the preferred romanization for naming this native Chinese philosophy and Chinese religion.

The Chinese emperor Yongle of the Ming Dynasty oversaw the compilation of the Yongle Encyclopedia, one of the largest encyclopedias in history, which was completed in 1408 and comprised over 370 million Chinese characters in 11, 000 handwritten volumes, of which only about 400 remain today.

In between eras of multiple kingdoms and warlordism, Chinese dynasties have ruled parts or all of China ; in some eras, including the present, control has stretched as far as Xinjiang and / or Tibet.

Xinjiang, Tibet, and Mongolia were also formally incorporated into Chinese territory.

He expelled the Ambans and all Chinese civilians in the country, and instituted many measures to modernise Tibet.

Published in Tintin magazine from September 1958 to November 1959, Tintin in Tibet sent Tintin to the Himalayas in search of Chang Chong-Chen, the Chinese boy he had befriended in The Blue Lotus.

The CIA later revealed that at that time the Chinese had neither the fuel nor runways long enough for using their air force effectively in Tibet.

With Chinese cultural hegemony in Tibet itself, these valleys have become repositories of traditional ways.

In Tibet, polyandry has been outlawed since the Chinese takeover of the area, so it is difficult to measure the incidence of polyandry in what may have been the world's most " polyandrous " society.

The Qing court responded by asserting Chinese sovereignty over Tibet, resulting in the 1906 Anglo-Chinese Convention signed between Britain and China.

The Chinese Communist Party followed the Soviet Union in including the right of secession in its 1931 constitution in order to entice ethnic nationalities and Tibet into joining.

In 1949, when the Dalai Lama was 15 years old and thus not yet the head of state, the Chinese government ordered a military march into Tibet in order to force the Tibetan government to negotiate its sovereignty.

The delegates who allegedly represented Tibet were either chosen by the Chinese or were prisoners of Chinese, and were not allowed to communicate with the official Tibetan government during negotiations.

At its western end is the Aksai Chin region, an area the size of Switzerland, that sits between the Chinese autonomous region of Xinjiang and Tibet ( which China declared as an autonomous region in 1965 ).

Aksai Chin, claimed by India to belong to Kashmir and by China to be part of Xinjiang, contains an important road link that connects the Chinese regions of Tibet and Xinjiang. China's construction of this road was one of the triggers of the conflict.

The foreign secretary of the British Indian government, Henry McMahon, who had drawn up the proposal, decided to bypass the Chinese ( although instructed not to by his superiors ) and settle the border bilaterally by negotiating directly with Tibet.

India's government held the view that the Himalayas were the ancient boundaries of the Indian subcontinent, and thus should be the modern boundaries of India, while it is the position of the Chinese government that the disputed area in the Himalayas have been geographically and culturally part of Tibet since ancient times.

The British-run Government of India initially rejected the Simla Agreement as incompatible with the Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907, which stipulated that neither party was to negotiate with Tibet " except through the intermediary of the Chinese government ".

In 1950, the Chinese People's Liberation Army annexed Tibet and later the Chinese extended their influence by building a road in 1956 – 67 and placing border posts in Aksai Chin.

The Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party, Mao Zedong, was enraged and asked the Xinhua News Agency to produce reports on Indian expansionists operating in Tibet.

This adamant stance was perceived in China as Indian opposition to Chinese rule in Tibet.

While there is doubt about the level of Songtsän Gampo's interest in Buddhism, it is known that he married a Chinese Tang Dynasty Buddhist princess, Wencheng, who came to Tibet with a statue of Shakyamuni Buddha.

The records show that Chinese Buddhists were actively involved in missionary activity in Tibet, they did not have the same level of imperial support as Indian Buddhists, with tantric lineages from Bihar and Bengal.

The Chinese princess Jincheng Gongzhu (: zh: 金城公主 ) (?- 739 ), the " real daughter " of the king of Yong, and an adoptive daughter of Emperor Zhongzong of Tang ( r. 705-710 ), was sent to Tibet in 710 where, according to most sources, she married Mes-ag-tshoms, who would have been only six or seven years old at the time.

The rise of anti-Buddhist factions in Tibet following the death of the Chinese princess began to blame the epidemic on the support of Buddhism by the king and queen.