When the mast was raised, Alexander gave the order for Small and Cromwell to be placed under arrest, and now three figures in irons sprawled upon the open deck and terror stalked the Somers.

Following the execution of Charles I in 1649 and the establishment of the Commonwealth under Lord Protector Cromwell, it would not be reinstated until shortly after the restoration of the monarchy to England.

In 1653, Oliver Cromwell became Lord Protector under England's and later Britain's first written constitution Instrument of Government and then under the second and last written constitution known as the Humble Petition and Advice.

In 1654, New England raiders attacked Acadian settlements on the Annapolis Basin, starting a period of uncertainty for Acadians throughout the English constitutional crises under Oliver Cromwell, and only being properly resolved under the Treaty of Breda in 1667 when France's claim to the region was reaffirmed.

The name Erasmus had been used by a number of his family and derives from his ancestor Erasmus Earle, Common Sergent of England under Oliver Cromwell.

The seven hundred Quakers who had been imprisoned under Richard Cromwell were released, though the government remained uncertain about the group's links with other, more violent, movements.

Elizabeth's government did much to consolidate the work begun under Thomas Cromwell in the reign of Henry VIII, that is, expanding the role of the government and effecting common law and administration throughout England.

The New Model Army, under the command of Oliver Cromwell, then scored decisive victories against Royalist armies in Ireland and Scotland.

It passed the Self-denying Ordinance, by which all members of either House of Parliament laid down their commands, and re-organized its main forces into the New Model Army (" Army "), under the command of Sir Thomas Fairfax, with Cromwell as his second-in-command and Lieutenant-General of Horse.

Orlando Bridgman, who upon his submission to Cromwell had been permitted to practice the law in a private manner, and under that colour had served both as spy and agent for his master, was entrusted with the principal management of this tragic scene ; and in his charge to the Grand Jury, had the assurance to tell them ' That no authority, no single person, or community of men ; not the people collectively or representatively, had any coercive power over the King of England.

* 1649 – Sack of Wexford: After a ten-day siege, English New Model Army troops ( under Oliver Cromwell ) stormed the town of Wexford, killing over 2, 000 Irish Confederate troops and 1, 500 civilians.

Examples were Thomas Cromwell under Henry VIII ; William Cecil, Lord Burghley under Elizabeth I ; Clarendon under Charles II and Godolphin under Queen Anne.

Impressed by this, the Prince Regent ( the future George IV ) gave Scott permission to search for the fabled but long-lost Crown Jewels (" Honours of Scotland "), which during the years of the Protectorate under Cromwell had been squirrelled away and had last been used to crown Charles II.

Also the Commonwealth of England under Oliver Cromwell as Lord Protector is also considered to have a considerable amount of theocratic influence.

* December 11 – " Pride's Purge " in England, with elements of the New Model Army, under the leadership of Oliver Cromwell invading London and expelling a majority of the Long Parliament, resulting in the creation of the Rump Parliament.

* August 9 – Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell divides England into 11 districts under major-generals.

Another legend claims that following the Navigation Acts ( an ordinance by Oliver Cromwell requiring all foreign fleets in the North Sea or the Channel to dip their flag in salute ) the Wilhelmus was sung ( or rather, shouted ) by the sailors on the Dutch flagship Brederode in response to the first warning shot fired by an English fleet under Robert Blake, when their captain Maarten Tromp refused to lower his flag.

* December 16 – Instrument of Government in England: The world's first written constitution, under which Oliver Cromwell becomes Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland, being advised by a remodelled English Council of State.

The Edict remained in effect for the rest of the Middle Ages, and it would be over 350 years until it was formally overturned under Oliver Cromwell in 1656.

Cromwell was appointed Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland, effectively placing the British Isles under military rule.

He became friends with Oliver Cromwell, who was second in command, supporting him in his disputes with Manchester.

Although Oliver Cromwell ( who was the Member of Parliament for Cambridge ) handed over his command of the Army's cavalry when the Ordinance was enacted, Fairfax requested his services when another officer ( Colonel Bartholomew Vermuyden ) wished to emigrate.

Cromwell and his son-in-law Henry Ireton ( the New Model Army's Commissary General, or second in command of the cavalry ) were two of the only four exceptions to the Self-denying Ordinance, the other two being local commanders in Cheshire and North Wales.

In 1654, the timely discovery of a plot fomented by Robert Overton, his second in command, gave Monck an excuse for purging his army of all dissident religious elements, then called " enthusiasts ", deemed " dangerous " to the Cromwell regime.

The next day, on the suggestion of Cromwell, he was made commissary-general and appointed to the command of the left wing, Cromwell himself commanding the right.

In May 1650 Cromwell was recalled to England to command a Parliamentary force preparing to invade Scotland, and Ireton assumed command of the New Model Army in Ireland with the title and powers of lord-deputy to complete the conquest of the country.

At the outbreak of the Civil War, having succeeded his father in the earldom in November 1642, Manchester commanded a regiment in the army of Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex, and in August 1643 he was appointed Major-General of the parliamentary forces in the eastern counties ( the Eastern Association ), with Cromwell as his second in command.

Having become a member of the Committee of Both Kingdoms in 1644, he was in supreme command at Marston Moor but in the subsequent operations his lack of energy brought him into disagreement with Cromwell, and in November 1644 he strongly expressed his disapproval of continuing the war.

Cromwell brought the shortcomings of Manchester before Parliament in the autumn of 1644 and in April the following year, anticipating the Self-denying Ordinance, Manchester resigned his command.

On Oliver Cromwell's death, at which he was present, he in vain gave his support to Richard Cromwell ; his regiment refused to obey his orders, and the Long Parliament dismissed him from his command as a representative of the army.

Army chief Sir Thomas Fairfax and his second in command, Lieutenant-General Oliver Cromwell, stayed aloof from the proceedings.

It was after this that the political tensions between Cromwell and Manchester could no longer be contained by the established forms of command.

After that, Mazarin sends d ' Artagnan and Porthos to England with a message for Cromwell and orders them to stay there for some time under Cromwell's command.

The Parliamentarian high command of Sir William Waller, the Earl of Manchester, Sir William Balfour and Cromwell decided to split their large force into two.

Cromwell offered him a command in Ireland against the rebels that entailed no obligations except faithful service.

On Oliver Cromwell's death he gave his support to Richard Cromwell ; but as he saw no possibility of maintaining the government he left for Ireland, where by resuming his command in Munster he secured the island for Charles and anticipated Monk's overtures by inviting the King to land at Cork.

After the defeat of the Covenanting army by Cromwell at Dunbar, Charles II had been crowned by Argyll at Scone in Scotland, assuming personal command of the Scottish army, he managed to restrain Cromwell at Stirling for a month.

Cromwell returned to England in 1650, passing his command to Henry Ireton.

In 1654 he offered to carry the fleet over to the king, but in October of the same year he had no scruple in accepting the naval command in the expedition to the West Indies sent out by Cromwell.

And she withdrew then to Cromwell Hall, in Cromwell, Connecticut.

Oliver Cromwell set up a republic called the Commonwealth of England ( 1649 – 1660 ) and ruled as a near dictator after the overthrow of King Charles I. James Harrington was then a leading philosopher of republicanism.

The opening of the play was also changed, with Thomas Cromwell telling Henry VIII the outcome of the trial and Henry then recalling his marriage to Anne, rather than Anne speaking first and then Henry remembering in flashback.

Cromwell tortures a servant in her household into confessing to adultery with the Queen ; he then arrests four other courtiers who are also accused of being Anne's lovers.

Cromwell had made enemies for aiding Wolsey to suppress the monasteries, but was determined not to fall with his master, as he told George Cavendish, then a Gentleman Usher and later Wolsey's biographer:

Cromwell circulated injunctions for their enforcement which went beyond the Articles themselves, provoking opposition in September and October in Lincolnshire, and then throughout the six northern counties.

Edward Halle, a contemporary chronicler, records that Cromwell made a speech on the scaffold, professing to die, " in the traditional faith " and then " so paciently suffered the stroke of the axe, by a ragged Boocherly miser whiche very ungoodly perfourmed the Office ".

The family was originally from County Offaly, Ireland until the Cromwell invasion, then left County Cork in the 1850s just after the Potato Famine.

Oliver Cromwell, then ruler in England, began petitioning on behalf of the Waldensians, writing letters, raising contributions, calling a general fast in England and threatening to send military forces to the rescue.

All horse racing was then banned in 1654 by Oliver Cromwell, and many horses were requisitioned by the state.

Latimer wrote to Cromwell in 1538 to plead for the continuation of Great Malvern Priory, and of " two or three in every shire of such remedy ", but by then only total surrender was acceptable.

Cromwell then went to Ireland to govern it, but was " disgusted " with the Catholics, so he massacred many of them ( in battle ) and so the Irish rebelled against him as well.

Cromwell then dissolved the Rump Parliament and declared himself to be the Lord Protector ( dictator ).

In 1654, Rupert appears to have been involved in a plot to assassinate Oliver Cromwell, an event that would then have been followed by a coup, the landing of a small army in Sussex, and the restoration of Charles II.

In the 1970 film Cromwell starring Richard Harris and Alec Guinness, Michael Jayston plays Ireton as a subtle but well-meaning manipulator who hates Charles I and pushes Cromwell into taking actions which the latter at first considers neither desirable nor possible but then pursues all the way.

He fought during the English Civil War and then in Oliver Cromwell's Scottish campaign ( 1650 – 51 ), becoming thereafter active in civilian politics until his dismissal by Cromwell in 1657.

Banbury played an important part in the English Civil War as a base of operations for Oliver Cromwell, who is reputed to have planned the Battle of Edge Hill in the back room ( which can still be visited ) of a local inn, The Reindeer as it was then known ( today's Ye Olde Reine Deer Inn ).

Cromwell then asked a written ' instrument ' to be read out, drawn up by the Council of Officers and investing power in the assembly.