* 1773 – Stanisław Konarski, Polish writer ( b. 1700 )

* 1938 – Janusz Zajdel, Polish writer

* 1623 – Stanisław Lubieniecki, Polish theologian, historian, astronomer, and writer ( d. 1675 )

* Konstanty Ildefons Gałczyński, Polish writer and poet

* 1967 – Ewa Białołęcka, Polish writer

* 1885 – Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz, Polish writer and painter ( d. 1939 )

* 1887 – Stefan Grabinski, Polish writer ( d. 1936 )

* 1920 – Lucjan Wolanowski, Polish journalist, writer and traveller ( d. 2006 )

* 1955 – Leszek Engelking, Polish poet, writer and translator

Nevertheless, prominent figures were known to form homosexual relationships, including Narcyza Żmichowska ( 1819 – 1876 ), a writer and founder of the Polish feminist movement, who used her private experiences in her writing.

Finkelstein describes two known frauds, that of The Painted Bird by Polish writer Jerzy Kosinski and Fragments by Binjamin Wilkomirski, and how they were defended by people even after they'd been exposed.

* 2000 – Gustaw Herling-Grudziński, Polish writer ( b. 1919 )

* 1906 – Jerzy Giedroyc, Polish writer and activist ( d. 2000 )

* 1892 – Bruno Schulz, Polish writer and painter ( d. 1942 )

* 1892 – Melchior Wańkowicz, Polish writer ( d. 1974 )

Crime writer Emma Lathen's 1997 novel, " A Shark Out of Water ", revolves around the murder of a Polish official who was championing the improvement of the Kiel Canal.

Koalang is a term coined by Janusz A. Zajdel, Polish science fiction writer.

* 1914 – Romain Gary, Polish writer ( d. 1980 )

* 1867 – Władysław Reymont, Polish writer, Nobel Prize laureate ( d. 1925 )

* 2006 – Stanisław Lem, Polish writer ( b. 1921 )

* 1942 – Bruno Schulz, Polish writer and painter ( b. 1892 )

The Polish writer Henryk Sienkiewicz authored the well-known novel Quo Vadis: A Narrative of the Time of Nero in 1895, which in turn has been made into motion pictures several times.

** Aleksandra Ziolkowska-Boehm, Polish born writer

** Andrzej Sapkowski, Polish writer

* September 18 – Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz, Polish writer and painter ( b. 1885 )

Alexander's shortage of funds immediately made him subservient to the Polish Senate and nobility ( szlachta ), who deprived him of control of the mint ( then one of the most lucrative sources of revenue for the Polish kings ), curtailed his prerogatives, and generally endeavored to reduce him to a subordinate position.

During the 1573 Polish election, Albert Frederick attempted to gain acceptance to the Polish senate but was opposed by the powerful Jan Zamoyski ( later Grand Hetman of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland ) who feared the influence of Protestants in the Polish legislative body.

As the great grandson of the Polish king Casimir IV Jagiellon, and as a Duke in Prussia who was fluent in Polish, Albert Frederick was seriously considered for a time as a possible candidate for the Polish throne.

Banach spaces are named after the Polish mathematician Stefan Banach who introduced them in 1920 – 1922 along with Hans Hahn and Eduard Helly .< ref >

2000 Polish cavalry ( one regiment under the command of Aleksander Koniecpolski, supported by Jerzy Lubomirski, six pancerni cavalry companies of Jeremi Wiśniowiecki and Winged Hussars under the command of Stefan Czarniecki ) repulsed the Tatars, who suffered heavy losses.

In 1929 the Polish mathematician Marian Rejewski, who would solve the German Enigma cipher machine in December 1932, began studying actuarial statistics at Göttingen.

Casimir is the only Polish king who both received and kept the title of the Great in Polish history ( Bolesław I Chrobry is also called the Great, but his title Chrobry ( Valiant ) is now more common ).

The Polish position was defended by Paulus Vladimiri, rector of the Jagiellonian University, who challenged legality of the Teutonic crusade.

Arguably the first Polish filmmaker was Kazimierz Prószyński, who filmed various short documentaries in Warsaw.

A Polish Kabbalist, writing in about 1630 – 1650, reported the creation of a golem by Rabbi Eliyahu thus: " And I have heard, in a certain and explicit way, from several respectable persons that one man close to our time, whose name is R. Eliyahu, the master of the name, who made a creature out of matter Golem and form tzurah and it performed hard work for him, for a long period, and the name of emet was hanging upon his neck, until he finally removed it for a certain reason, the name from his neck and it turned to dust.

Some 50, 000 Polish citizens, who after 1920 had been brought into the area by the Polish government after the decision to enlarge the harbour was made, were expelled into the General Government.

Kashubians who were suspected to support the Polish cause, particularly those with higher education, were arrested and executed, the main place of executions being Piaśnica ( Groß Plaßnitz ), where about 12, 000 were executed.

On March 28, 1945, Gotenhafen was captured by the Soviets and assigned to Polish Gdańsk Voivodeship, who again renamed it Gdynia.

These included Germans who had collaborated with Germany before the war, but also those who considered themselves German but had been neutral ; those who were partially " Polonized " but " Germanizable "; and Germans who were of Polish nationality.

* Baltic Sea is used in English ; in the Baltic languages Latvian ( Baltijas jūra ) and Lithuanian ( Baltijos jūra ); in Latin ( Mare Balticum ) and the Romance languages French ( Mer Baltique ), Italian ( Mar Baltico ), Portuguese ( Mar Báltico ), Romanian ( Marea Baltică ) and Spanish ( Mar Báltico ); in Greek ( Βαλτική Θάλασσα ); in Albanian ( Deti Balltik ); in the Slavic languages Polish ( Morze Bałtyckie or Bałtyk ), Czech ( Baltské moře or Balt ), Croatian ( Baltičko more ), Slovenian ( Baltsko morje ), Bulgarian ( Baltijsko More ( Балтийско море ), Kashubian ( Bôłt ), Macedonian ( Балтичко Море / Baltičko More ), Ukrainian ( Балтійське море (" Baltijs ' ke More "), Belarusian ( Балтыйскае мора (" Baltyjskaje Mora "), Russian ( Балтийское море (" Baltiyskoye Morye ") and Serbian ( Балтичко море / Baltičko more ); in the Hungarian language ( Balti-tenger ); and also in Basque ( Itsaso Baltikoa )

Russian is the most widely used language by Belarusians on the Internet, followed by Belarusian, English, and Polish.

Panzer forces were dispersed among the three German concentrations without strong emphasis on independent use, being used to create or destroy close pockets of Polish forces and seize operational-depth terrain in support of the largely un-motorized infantry which followed.

While early German tanks, Stuka dive-bombers and concentrated forces were used in the Polish campaign, the majority of the battle was conventional infantry and artillery based warfare and most Luftwaffe action was independent of the ground campaign.

Another myth describes Polish cavalry as being armed with both sabres and lances ; lances were used for peacetime ceremonial purposes only and the primary weapon of the Polish cavalryman in 1939 was a rifle.

The $ 395 HP-35, along with nearly all later HP engineering calculators, used reverse Polish notation ( RPN ), also called postfix notation.

A batik ( wax resist ) process is used to create intricate, brilliantly colored eggs, the best-known of which is the Ukrainian pysanka and the Polish pisanka.

Forth relies heavily on explicit use of a data stack and reverse Polish notation ( RPN or postfix notation ), commonly used in calculators from Hewlett-Packard.

It is widely used in the Afrikaans, Catalan, Czech, Hungarian, Polish, French, Dutch, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Romanian, Bahasa Indonesia, Scandinavian and German languages, with the same meaning.

The tactics of guerrilla warfare were used successfully in the 20th century by — among others — the Soviet partisans and the Polish Home Army and the OSS in Burma in World War II ; Mao Zedong and the People's Liberation Army in the Second Sino-Japanese War and Chinese Civil War.

A corresponding term is sometimes used in Slavic languages, in Serbian is otadžbina or отаџбина in Serbian Cyrillic alphabet, Bosnian Otadžbina ( Отаџбина ), Macedonian татковина ( tatkovina ), Bulgarian татковина ( tatkovina ) as well as otechestvo, Czech otčina ( although the normal Czech term for " homeland " is vlast ), in Polish ojczyzna ( besides macierz " motherland "), Russian otechestvo ( отечество ) or otchizna ( отчизна ) ( although rodina " motherland " is more common ).

Polish historian Andrzej Walicki noted that Marx's and Engels's theory was the " theory of freedom ", but a theory that, at the height of its influence, was used to legitimise the totalitarian socialist state of the Soviet Union.

Although this also used the Latin alphabet, it was much less affected by the ban, because Polish was still used by the politically important class of the nobility, and also used predominantly in the biggest towns of Lithuania, and supported by the church.

They cited the successes of the newly formed ( 15 January 1918 ) voluntary Red Army against Polish forces of Gen. Józef Dowbor-Muśnicki in Belarus, White forces in the Don region, and newly independent Ukrainian forces as proof that the Red Army could repel German forces, especially if propaganda and asymmetrical warfare were used.

Metal detectors were first used for demining, after their invention by the Polish officer Józef Kosacki.

His invention, known as the Polish mine detector, was used by the Allies alongside mechanical methods, to clear the German mine fields during the Second Battle of El Alamein when 500 units were shipped to Field Marshal Montgomery's Eighth Army.

The same procedure was used in naming these two Polish provinces – the " older " one, the cradle of Polish statehood, was called Greater Poland, while her " younger sister ", which became part of Poland a few years later, was called Lesser Poland.

Alongside the scythes, the song mentioned other types of weapon, traditionally used by the Polish szlachta, or nobility: the sabre, known in Polish as szabla, and the backsword.

In 1910, the German language was reported by German authorities as used by 197, 060, Polish by 30, 121, and Masurian by 171, 413.