Her husband Casimir is known for his romantic affairs: after Aldona's death he married three more times.

Although the Casimir effect can be expressed in terms of virtual particles interacting with the objects, it is best described and more easily calculated in terms of the zero-point energy of a quantized field in the intervening space between the objects.

Dutch physicists Hendrik B. G. Casimir and Dirk Polder at Philips Research Labs proposed the existence of a force between two polarizable atoms and between such an atom and a conducting plate in 1947, and, after a conversation with Niels Bohr who suggested it had something to do with zero-point energy, Casimir alone formulated the theory predicting a force between neutral conducting plates in 1948 ; the former is called the Casimir-Polder force while the latter is the Casimir effect in the narrow sense.

In modern theoretical physics, the Casimir effect plays an important role in the chiral bag model of the nucleon ; and in applied physics, it is significant in some aspects of emerging microtechnologies and nanotechnologies.

A new theory has been proposed that Modifies inertia by assuming it is due to Unruh radiation subject to a Hubble scale Casimir effect ( MiHsC, or quantised inertia ).

* Earliest day on which Casimir Pulaski Day can fall, while March 7 is the latest ; celebrated on the first Monday in March.

The name Dagomir is used to this day and its construction is similar to other Polish names like for example: Władimir / Włodzimierz or Casimir / Kazimierz.

Evidence for such zero-point energy is observed in the Casimir effect.

He is shown chiseling at the tomb of King Casimir IV.

( Many physicists such as Stephen Hawking, Kip Thorne, and others believe that the Casimir effect is evidence that negative energy densities are possible in nature.

* The Casimir effect is discovered by Dutch physicist Hendrik Casimir.

* August 6 – Ernest Casimir of Nassau-Dietz is appointed as stadtholder of Groningen.

* August 16 – Ernest Casimir of Nassau-Dietz is appointed stadtholder of Drenthe.

It is true that certain experimentally verified quantum phenomena, such as the Casimir effect, when described in the context of the quantum field theories, lead to stress – energy tensors that also violate the energy conditions, such as negative mass-energy, and thus one can hope that Alcubierre-type warp drives can be physically realized by clever engineering taking advantage of such quantum effects.

* Casimir III of Poland is succeeded jointly by his sister, Elisabeth of Kujavia, and her son, Louis I of Hungary, beginning the rule of Poland by the Capet-Anjou family.

He was the only male descendant of King Casimir who lived during his lifetime.

Emperor Sigismund himself was an heir of Casimir III, as eldest son of his mother Elisabeth of Pomerania, who was since 1377 the only surviving child of Elisabeth of Poland, herself daughter of Casimir III from his first marriage with Aldona Gediminaite of Lithuania.

Mieszko II's only son and heir, Casimir I, was either expelled by this insurrection, or the insurrection was caused by the aristocracy's expulsion of him.

The treaty gained Casimir a period of peace on the southern border and the capital of Poland was moved to Kraków, the only major Polish city relatively untouched by the wars.

They allowed only Dutch colonists to settle in the area and on August 31, 1655, the territory was converted back to Fort Casimir.

In 1651, the Dutch under Peter Stuyvesant established Fort Casimir at present-day New Castle, only 7 mi ( 12 km ) south of Fort Christina, in order to menace the Swedish settlement.

Casimir calculated that between two plates only particles with specific wavelengths should be counted when calculating the vacuum energy.

The idea to reserve the lands for his minor brothers Henry and Casimir II was not popular with Wladyslaw, who thought that the land was only temporarily separated from his Dzielnica senioralna and now in its entirety should be returned.

This caused the anger and frustration of his youngest brother, Casimir II the Just, who was the next in line to inherit the lands and was the only of Bolesław III ' sons still without any land.

Duke Casimir only held the land of Dobrzyń as a temporary fief.

* In 1447 Casimir I Jagiellon limited positions within the Catholic Church or state institutions only to people from Lithuania.

Yet, his ambitions were swarted when Ludwig of Hungary overruled the testament of Casimir of Poland in 1370, Casimir of Pomerania-Stolp only for a short time took the land of Dobrin as a fief.

In 1215 Władysław Spindleshanks ' position has been further weakened by the growth of the power of Archbishop Henry Kietlicz, who supported the provisions of IV Lateran Council, and the subsequent congress of the Junior princes in Wolbórz, where Leszek I the White, Konrad I of Mazovia, Władysław Odonic and Casimir I of Opole not only agreed to extend the economic and legal benefits for the Church, but also supported the claims of Odonic to obtain his rightful inheritance.

He was the only known son of prince Vsevolod Svyatoslavich ( who later became grand prince Vsevolod IV the Red of Kiev ), by Anastasia, the daughter of grand duke Casimir II of Poland.

The Polish-Lithuanian forces, commanded by King John II Casimir of Poland, comprised about 24, 000 regulars ( including only 950 Winged Hussars-8 banners ), 2, 000 Tatars and 10, 000 of the noble levy ( pospolite ruszenie ), altogether some 36, 000 men of which only about 4, 000 were infantry and the remainder cavalry & dragoons, with 18 artillery pieces.

* John II Casimir of Poland ( 1609 – 1672 ), his only surviving brother, was a Cardinal of Roman Church when succeeded.

Casimir II, however, went a different route and, in order to gain the favor of the Duke of Racibórz given him the towns of Oświęcim and Bytom ( with the fortress of Oświęcim, Bytom, Mikołów, Siewierz and Pszczyna, although some historians estimate that these fortress had belonged to Mieszko only since 1179 ).

As cardinal, his influence in Poland was second only to that of the king, and, during the frequent absence of Casimir IV in Lithuania, he transacted the affairs of the State.

As the great grandson of the Polish king Casimir IV Jagiellon, and as a Duke in Prussia who was fluent in Polish, Albert Frederick was seriously considered for a time as a possible candidate for the Polish throne.

The Polish forces consisted of the mercenaries hired by the Polish king, Casimir IV the Jagiellon and the Hanseatic city of Danzig ( Gdańsk ).

The Polish infantry centre, under the personal command of King John Casimir, advanced slowly forward.

* Casimir IV Jagiellon ( 1427 – 1492 ), Polish king

Casimir the Great built many new castles ( including Wawel Castle ), reformed the Polish army and Polish civil and criminal law.

According to the Annales Cracovienses Compilati, this event took place in 1136 ; since it can be assumed that the Polish princess was younger than her betrothed, and also are known the birth dates of the youngest children of Bolesław III ( Agnes in 1137 and Casimir in 1138 ), Judith in consequence could have been born between 1130 and 1135.

During the reign of Casimir I the Restorer, Kraków for the first time became the capital of Poland ( around 1040 ), since Greater Poland and Silesia, with main Polish urban centers, such as Gniezno and Poznań were ravaged by Duke Bretislaus I of Bohemia.

* July 26 – Duke Casimir I of Poland ( Polish: Kazimierz I Odnowiciel )

In 1335 in Congress of Visegrád, Władysław's successor King Casimir III the Great of Poland paid a significant amount of money in exchange for John's giving up his claim to the Polish throne.

Louis released Holland and Hainaut for his brothers William I and Albert I in 1349, since he expected to acquire the Polish crown by his marriage with Cunigunde of Poland, a daughter of Casimir III and Aldona Ona of Lithuania.

The Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences of America ( PIASA ) annually honors Polish-American scientists with the Casimir Funk Natural Sciences Award.

The son of King Casimir IV Jagiellon and Elisabeth of Austria, Sigismund followed his brothers John I of Poland and Alexander I of Poland to the Polish throne.

Soon after Jagiello accession to the Polish throne, Jagiello granted Vilnius a city charter like that of Kraków, modeled on the Magdeburg Law ; and Vytautas issued a privilege to a Jewish commune of Trakai on almost the same terms as privileges issued to the Jews of Poland in the reigns of Boleslaus the Pious and Casimir the Great.

In Saalfeld Richeza led the Polish opposition which supported her son Casimir, who in 1039, with the help of Conrad II, finally obtain the Polish throne.

Following the abdication of King John II Casimir Vasa and the end of The Deluge, the Polish nobility elected Michał to the Polish throne.

The Second Peace of Thorn of 1466 (; ) was a peace treaty signed in the Hanseatic city of Thorn ( Toruń ) on 19 October 1466 between the Polish king Casimir IV Jagiellon on one side, and the Teutonic Knights on the other.