* Wald – Wolfowitz runs test

In logistic regression, there are a couple of different tests designed to assess the significance of an individual predictor, most notably, the likelihood ratio test and the Wald statistic.

* The Wald test can be evaluated against a chi-squared distribution

The F-test is a Wald test.

It can also be used in the formulation of test statistics, such as the Wald test.

* Wald – Wolfowitz runs test ( after Jacob Wolfowitz )

The likelihood ratio test, the Wald test, and the Score test are asymptotically equivalent tests of hypotheses.

The Wald test is a parametric statistical test named after the Transylvanian statistician Abraham Wald with a great variety of uses.

Whenever a relationship within or between data items can be expressed as a statistical model with parameters to be estimated from a sample, the Wald test can be used to test the true value of the parameter based on the sample estimate.

Say is the average increase in shoe size for upper-class people compared to middle-class people: then the Wald test can be used to test whether is 0 ( in which case social class has no association with shoe size ) or non-zero ( shoe size varies between social classes ).

In the Wald test, the economist uses the estimate and an estimate of variability ( see below ) to draw conclusions about the unobserved true.

Or, for a medical example, suppose smoking multiplies the risk of lung cancer by some number R: then the Wald test can be used to test whether R = 1 ( i. e. there is no effect of smoking ) or is greater ( or less ) than 1 ( i. e. smoking alters risk ).

Under the Wald statistical test, the maximum likelihood estimate of the parameter ( s ) of interest is compared with the proposed value, with the assumption that the difference between the two will be approximately normally distributed.

A common use for this is to carry out a Wald test on a categorical variable by recoding it as several dichotomous variables.

Usually the Wald test and the likelihood ratio test give very similar conclusions ( as they are asymptotically equivalent ), but very rarely, they disagree enough to lead to different conclusions: the researcher finds him / herself asking, or being asked, why the p-value is significant when the confidence interval includes 0, or why the p-value is not significant when the confidence interval excludes 0.

Having a large proportion of variables to cases results in an overly conservative Wald statistic ( discussed below ) and can lead to nonconvergence.

* Rachel Blanchard as Hannah " The Virgin " Wald ; as the only member of the Betty Gang who enjoys church camp, this " A " Squad cheerleader from Lincoln High believes that only the Devil can turn you against your sisters.

One is that the Wald test can give different answers to the same question, depending on how the question is phrased.

The Wald statistic also tends to be biased when data are sparse.

Thorne ( 1994 ) relates that this approach to studying black holes was prompted by the realisation by Hanni, Ruffini, Wald and Cohen in the early 1970s that since an electrically charged pellet dropped into a black hole should still appear to a distant outsider to be remaining just outside the event horizon, if its image persists, its electrical fieldlines ought to persist too, and ought to point to the location of the " frozen " image ( 1994, pp. 406 ).

On March 24 the division, in conjunction with the American United States 17th Airborne Division, would be dropped by parachute and glider near the city of Wesel, where it would capture the strategically important village of Hamminkeln, several important bridges over the River IJssel and the southern portion of a major forest, the Diersfordter Wald.

To achieve this, both divisions would be dropped near the town of Hamminkeln, and were tasked with a number of objectives ; they were to seize the Diersfordter Wald, a forest that overlooked the Rhine and had a road linking several towns together ; several bridges over a smaller waterway, the Issel, were to be seized to facilitate the advance ; and the town of Hamminkeln was to be captured.

To achieve this, both divisions would be dropped near the village of Hamminkeln, and were tasked with a number of objectives: they were to seize the Diersfordter Wald, a forest that overlooked the Rhine, including a road linking several towns together ; several bridges over a smaller waterway, the River Issel, were to be seized to facilitate the advance ; and the village of Hamminkeln was to be captured.

In their paper 2003 paper A strategy to reduce cardiovascular disease by more than 80 % Wald and Law postulated that by using a combination of well known, cheap medications in one pill ( the " Polypill ") would be a particularly effective treatment against cardiovascular disease.

of the ingredients in Wald and Law's original polypill may not be advisable for patients

As a civil rights activist, Wald insisted that all Henry Street classes be racially integrated.

To achieve this, both divisions would be dropped near the town of Hamminkeln, and were tasked with a number of objectives: they were to seize the Diersfordter Wald, a forest that overlooked the Rhine and had a road linking several towns together ; several bridges over a smaller waterway, the River IJssel, were to be seized to facilitate the advance ; and the town of Hamminkeln was to be captured.

Among Hartmann's numerous works may be especially mentioned Der Krieg um den Wald ( The War over the forest ; 1850 ), a novel, the scene of which is laid in Bohemia ; Tagebuch aus Languedoc und Provence ( Diary from Languedoc and Provence ; 1852 ); Erzählungen eines Unsteten ( Tales of a restless person ; 1858 ); and Die letzten Tage eines Konigs ( The last days of a king ; 1867 ).

The Wald statistic, analogous to the t-test in linear regression, is used to assess the significance of coefficients.

Law and Wald ( 1999 ) used Criqui and Ringel's ( 1994 ) study of alcohol and diet in explaining the French paradox.

Also, the names Thüringer Waldzither in Thüringer Wald, Harzzither in the Harz mountains, Halszither in German-speaking Switzerland are used.

In the 1950s, Wald and his colleagues used chemical methods to extract pigments from the retina.

Wald used this grant to work in Germany with Otto Heinrich Warburg where he identified vitamin A in the retina.

* The Wolds, a term used in England to describe a range of hills consisting of open country overlying limestone or chalk ( see Wood, Wald )

In a 2003 article in the BMJ, Wald and Law coined the term " polypill " and proposed the concept of combining six medications that have been used for decades to treat cardiovascular disease and providing this to all people with cardiovascular disease and those in Western countries aged 55 years or more.

Putlitz made his debut as a writer with a volume of romantic fairy stories in verse, Was sich der Wald erzählt ( Tales told among the woods ; 1850 ), which attained great popularity ( fifty editions ) and found many imitators.

Birnbaum's argument for the likelihood principle generated great controversy ; it implied, amongst other things, a repudiation of the approach of Wald and Lehmann, that Birnbaum had followed in his own research.

For political reasons, the Bohemian and German sides have different names: in Czech, the Bohemian side is called Šumava and the Bavarian side Zadní Bavorský les (), while in German, the Bohemian side is called Böhmerwald (), and the Bavarian side Bayerischer Wald ().

The use of a sequence of experiments, where the design of each may depend on the results of previous experiments, including the possible decision to stop experimenting, is within the scope of Sequential analysis, a field that was pioneered by Abraham Wald in the context of sequential tests of statistical hypotheses.

Wald produced and wrote many films between the 1930s and 1960s including Stars Over Broadway ( 1935 ), The Roaring Twenties ( 1939 ), On Your Toes ( 1939, in collaboration with playwright Lawrence Riley ), They Drive by Night ( 1940 ), Navy Blues ( 1941 ), Across the Pacific ( 1942 ), The Man Who Came to Dinner ( 1942 ), Destination Tokyo ( 1943 ), Mildred Pierce ( 1945 ), Johnny Belinda ( 1948 ), Key Largo ( 1948 ), Always Leave Them Laughing ( 1949 ), The Glass Menagerie ( 1950 ), Perfect Strangers ( 1950 ), Two Tickets to Broadway ( 1951 ), The Blue Veil ( 1951 ), Peyton Place ( 1957 ), An Affair to Remember ( 1957 ), In Love and War ( 1958 ), The Sound and the Fury ( 1959 ), Sons and Lovers ( 1960 ), Return to Peyton Place ( 1961 ) and Wild in the Country ( 1961 ).

In addition, although activists within the WTUL, including William E. Walling and Lillian D. Wald, were also among the founders of the NAACP that year and fought the employers ' plan to use African-American strikebreakers to defeat the strike, others in the black community actively encouraged black workers to cross the picket lines.