* Carbonate / bicarbonate / carbonic acid equilibrium in water: pH of solutions, buffer capacity, titration and species distribution vs. pH computed with a free spreadsheet

In cases of respiratory acidosis, the infused bicarbonate ion drives the carbonic acid / bicarbonate buffer of plasma to the left and, thus, raises the pH.

Lawrence Joseph Henderson wrote an equation, in 1908, describing the use of carbonic acid as a buffer solution.

The active ingredients are usually alcohol, chlorhexidine gluconate ,, cetylpyridinium chloride hexetidine, benzoic acid ( acts as a buffer ), methyl salicylate, benzalkonium chloride, methylparaben, hydrogen peroxide, domiphen bromide and sometimes fluoride, enzymes, and calcium.

Further separation was carried out in the presence of a citric acid / ammonium buffer solution in a weakly acidic medium ( pH ≈ 3. 5 ), using ion exchange at elevated temperature.

Larger amounts of radioactive material were later isolated from coral debris of the atoll, which were delivered to the U. S. The separation of suspected new elements was carried out in the presence of a citric acid / ammonium buffer solution in a weakly acidic medium ( pH ≈ 3. 5 ), using ion exchange at elevated temperatures ; fewer than 200 atoms of einsteinium were recovered in the end.

* The biochemical structure of humus enables it to moderate – or buffer – excessive acid or alkaline soil conditions.

Barrow also invented an aqueous process to neutralize acid in paper while depositing an alkaline buffer that would retard the rate of decay.

* Buffering agent, the weak acid or weak base in a buffer solution

A buffer is an aqueous solution consisting of a mixture of a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid.

Also, sometimes the pain may flare at night and it can commonly be temporarily relieved by eating foods that buffer stomach acid or by taking anti-acid medication.

As a weak acid, citrate can be used as a component in buffer solutions, including the commonly used SSC 20X hybridization buffer.

Other buffers may use a mixture of sodium citrate and citric acid – canonical buffer tables compiled for biochemical studies describe solutions of citrate and acid for buffer pHs of between 3. 0 and 6. 2.

The electrolyte may serve as a simple buffer for internal ion flow between the electrodes, as in lithium-ion and nickel-cadmium cells, or it may be an active participant in the electrochemical reaction, as in lead – acid cells.

A buffer solution contains an acid and its conjugate base or a base and its conjugate acid.

* TBE buffer, a buffer solution that consists of a mixture of tris base, boric acid, EDTA, and water

This preparation employs sodium bicarbonate as a buffer to protect omeprazole from gastric acid degradation.

The amount of metabolic acid accumulating can also be quantitated by using buffer base deviation, a derivative estimate of the metabolic as opposed to the respiratory component.

IUPAC has proposed the use of a set of buffer solutions of known H < sup >+</ sup > activity.

Water passes because of a small osmotic pressure to the buffer liquid in this example at 300 mg / L ( NaCL / H < sub > 2 </ sub > O ).

Out of three sliding weights inside the buffer, the H2 possesses two tungsten weights and one steel weight, versus the standard H buffer, which uses one tungsten weight and two steel weights.

Carrying out the reaction in a basic buffer solution removes H < sup >+</ sup > as it is formed, which also favors the formation of the EDTA-metal cation complex reaction product.

* MK18 type 2: Colt-contracted carbine complete with all accessories H buffer supplied.

Thus, the MAM is not a passive buffer for Ca < sup > 2 +</ sup > puffs ; rather it helps modulate further Ca < sup > 2 +</ sup > signaling through feedback loops that affect ER dynamics.

In chemistry, a knowledge of pK < sub > a </ sub > values is necessary for the preparation of buffer solutions and is also a prerequisite for a quantitative understanding of the interaction between acids or bases and metal ions to form complexes.

# P < sub > a </ sub >' s header flit arrives at N < sub > 2 </ sub >' s West input VC, which happens to be in the idle state, so assuming we can buffer two flits, P < sub > a </ sub >' s header flit and first body flit are buffered.

N < sub > 1 </ sub > cannot send any more flits to N < sub > 2 </ sub > now because the flit buffer is full.

The C standard function < CODE > gets ()</ CODE > is an example of this, because using this function can introduce a buffer overflow into the program that uses it .< ref > The Java API methods, and are further examples.

The DCC send exploit can refer to two bugs, a variant buffer overflow error in mIRC triggered by filenames longer than 14 characters and an input validation error in some routers manufactured by Netgear, D-Link and Linksys, triggered by the use of port < tt > 0 </ tt >.

If the voltage is transferred unchanged ( the voltage gain A < sub > v </ sub > is 1 ), the amplifier is a unity gain buffer ; also known as a voltage follower because the output voltage follows or tracks the input voltage.

However, if the Thévenin source drives a unity gain buffer such as that in Figure 1 ( top, with unity gain ), the voltage input to the amplifier is V < sub > A </ sub >, with no voltage division because the amplifier input resistance is infinite.

For a current buffer, if the current is transferred unchanged ( the current gain β < sub > i </ sub > is 1 ), the amplifier is again a unity gain buffer ; this time known as a current follower because the output current follows or tracks the input current.

However, if the Norton source drives a unity gain buffer such as that in Figure 1 ( bottom, with unity gain ), the current input to the amplifier is I < sub > A </ sub >, with no current division because the amplifier input resistance is zero.

) Assuming the usual case where r < sub > O </ sub > >> R < sub > L </ sub >, the impedance is looking into the buffer is larger than the load R < sub > L </ sub > without the buffer by a factor of ( β + 1 ), which is substantial because β is large.

Additional session linking methods are more accurate with DVD + R ( W ) versus DVD-R ( W ), resulting in fewer damaged or unusable discs due to buffer under-run and multi-session discs with fewer PI / PO errors .< ref >

A sample of Fraction Af from group O plasma was dissolved in starting buffer, dialyzed against this buffer and subjected to chromatography using the gradient shown in Fig. 2.

" Most agarose gels are made with between 0. 7 % ( good separation or resolution of large 5 – 10kb DNA fragments ) and 2 % ( good resolution for small 0. 2 – 1kb fragments ) agarose dissolved in electrophoresis buffer.

* November 2: The Morris worm, created by Robert Tappan Morris, infects DEC VAX and Sun machines running BSD UNIX connected to the Internet, and becomes the first worm to spread extensively " in the wild ", and one of the first well-known programs exploiting buffer overrun vulnerabilities.

At that time most desktop hard disk drives had 2 MB of buffer.

Although in both sports game scoring is by fifteens ( with the exception of 40, which was shortened from forty-five ), in real tennis, six games wins a set, without the need for a 2 game buffer as in lawn tennis although some tournaments play to 9 games per set.

Proponents had set a goal of 1. 2 million to provide a buffer in case of invalid signatures.

Ecologists have identified some 2, 900 plant species, 70 types of mammals and 320 kinds of birds within the narrow buffer zone.

Transitions W1 and W2 represent writing to buffer 1 and 2 respectively while R1 and R2 represent reading from buffer 1 and 2 respectively.

Since, the refuge has gained over 500 acres ( 2 km² ) through purchases, management agreements, and conservation easements to provide a buffer against encroaching development and also to be a link to the Archie Carr National Wildlife Refuge.

Feeding the tape at 5 meters per second, the 2000 could read 2, 000 characters per second ( CPS ), storing the results in a buffer while the computer periodically read the data back out instead of stopping the tape to wait for the computer to get ready.

Article 2. 1 of the Cyprus Protocol allows the European Council to determine to what extent the provisions of EU law apply in the buffer zone.

The current trunk ( 2. 7. 1 ) version implements basic ISO Pascal mode, though many things such as and procedure and file buffer variable concept for file handling are still missing.