* Carbonate and bicarbonate: regular high doses may cause alkalosis, which in turn may result in altered excretion of other drugs, and kidney stones.

Carbonate alkalinity is a measure of the amount of carbonate and bicarbonate anions in solution.

Carbonate and bicarbonate anions contribute to alkalinity due to their basic nature, hence their ability to neutralize acid.

* Carbonate CO < sub > 3 </ sub >< sup > 2 −</ sup > ( carbonic acid )

Carbonate minerals like calcite contain CO < sub > 3 </ sub >< sup > 2 –</ sup > groups that can be converted to CO < sub > 2 </ sub > gas by reaction with concentrated phosphoric acid.

Carbonate shell material of the organism is then replaced with pyrite due to a higher concentration of pyrite and a lower concentration of carbonate in the surrounding water.

In geology and mineralogy, the term " carbonate " can refer both to carbonate minerals and carbonate rock ( which is made of chiefly carbonate minerals ), and both are dominated by the carbonate ion, CO. Carbonate minerals are extremely varied and ubiquitous in chemically precipitated sedimentary rock.

* Carbonate sedimentary rocks are composed of calcite ( rhombohedral ), aragonite ( orthorhombic ), dolomite (), and other carbonate minerals based on the ion.

Carbonate rocks dominantly consist of carbonate minerals like calcite, aragonite or dolomite.

Carbonate rocks are rare, indicating that the oceans were more acidic due to dissolved carbon dioxide than during the Proterozoic.

On February 8, 1879, the Colorado legislature renamed Lake County as Carbonate County, although this designation name only lasted for two days, until Chaffee County was split off from Carbonate's southern section on February 10 and the remaining northern portion was redesignated Lake County with its current county seat of Leadville.

Between February 8 and February 10, 1879, Carbonate County was created by the Colorado legislature out of northern Lake County.

On February 10 the two counties were renamed, with the southern part of Lake County becoming Chaffee County, and Carbonate County becoming Lake County.

Other mountains in Hailey are Carbonate, Quigley, Red Devil, and Della.

* Dietrich, R. V., 2002, Carbonate Concretions -- A Bibliography, The Wayback Machine.

and PDF file of Carbonate Concretions -- A Bibliography, CMU Online Digital Object Repository, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan.

The deepening sea left Carbonate deposits, forming the limestone of the Kaibab Limestone, the same formation that rims the Grand Canyon to the southwest.

Carbonate rocks are classified with the Dunham or Folk classification schemes according to the constituents of the carbonate rock.

* Folk, R. and Robles, P. ( 1964 ) " Carbonate sands of Isla Perez, Alacran Reef Complex, Yucatan.

( 1987 ) Introduction to Carbonate Sediments and Rocks.

The largest of the mines is in Carbonate Canyon, adjacent to Havasu Falls, where rails and timbers still can be found descending three levels.

In: SEPM Special Publication 78: Permo-Carboniferous Carbonate Platforms and Reefs, Edited By: Wayne M. Ahr, Paul M. ( Mitch ) Harris, William A. Morgan, and Ian D. Somerville.

By combining the chemistry of a particular product ( CCE ) and its particle size the Effective Calcium Carbonate Equivalent ( ECCE ) is determined. The ECCE is percentage comparison of a particular agricultural limestone with pure calcium carbonate with all particles smaller than 60 mesh. Typically the aglime materials in commercial use will have ECCE ranging from 45 percent to 110 percent.

' Carbonate nodules along with fossil bivalves, coprolites, marine snails, lungfish toothplates, and tetrapods are found in the Petrified Forest Member.

Carbonate ores are also smelted with charcoal, but sometimes need to be calcined first.

* Carbonate with hydroxide: Monoclinic

* Soluble AC ( sAC ) is not a transmembrane form and is not regulated by G proteins or forskolin, instead acts as a bicarbonate / pH sensor.

More recently, the use of a " rescue instillation " composed of pentosan polysulfate or heparin, sodium hyaluronate, lidocaine and sodium bicarbonate, has generated considerable excitement in the IC / BPS community because it is the first therapeutic intervention that can be used to reduce a flare of symptoms.

This study recommended that patients avoid citrus fruits, tomatoes coffee, tea, carbonated and alcoholic beverages, spicy foods, artificial sweeteners, and vitamin C. It also found that many patients had reduced sensitivity to trigger foods if they consumed calcium glycerophosphate and / or sodium bicarbonate.

Water is fresh, with medium turbidity ; the average salinity is 61. 3 mg / L and the calcium bicarbonate content is 7 mg / L.

When added to baking soda ( sodium bicarbonate ), cyanoacrylate glue forms a hard, lightweight filler / adhesive ( baking soda is first used to fill a gap then the adhesive is dropped onto the baking soda ).

* Mild: blood pH mildly decreased to between 7. 25 and 7. 30 ( normal 7. 35 – 7. 45 ); serum bicarbonate decreased to 15 – 18 mmol / l ( normal above 20 ); the patient is alert

A 2004 statement by the European Society for Paediatric Endocrinology and the Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society ( for children ) uses slightly different cutoffs, where mild DKA is defined by pH 7. 20 – 7. 30 ( bicarbonate 10 – 15 mmol / l ), moderate DKA by pH 7. 1 – 7. 2 ( bicarbonate 5 – 10 ) and severe DKA by pH < 7. 1 ( bicarbonate below 5 ).

In cases of respiratory acidosis, the infused bicarbonate ion drives the carbonic acid / bicarbonate buffer of plasma to the left and, thus, raises the pH.

** 25 mmol / L bicarbonate ( higher than plasma )

Treatment of lactic acidosis in ruminants may involve intravenous administration of dilute sodium bicarbonate, oral administration of magnesium hydroxide, and / or repeated removal of rumen fluids and replacement with water ( followed by reinoculation with rumen organisms, if necessary ).

* As listed in the 06 / 29 / 2005 label posted at the Drugs @ FDA website page 14 ,' conditions or therapies that predispose to acidosis may be additive to the bicarbonate lowering effects of Topiramate '.

Pre-post surgery, sinus rinses with a warm water ( 240 ml / 8 oz ) mixed with a small amount ( teaspoon ) of salts ( sodium chloride & sodium bicarbonate ) can be very helpful to clear the sinuses.

Analysis of Paeroa mineral water by Arthur Wohlman in 1904 revealed magnesium bicarbonate in a concentration of 73 grains to the gallon ( 1040 mg / L ).

Preventing recurrence of hyperkalemia typically involves reduction of dietary potassium, removal of an offending medication, and / or the addition of oral bicarbonate or a diuretic ( such as furosemide or hydrochlorothiazide ).

Hard water contains calcium ( and often magnesium ) bicarbonate and / or similar ions.

where the equilibrium is driven by the carbonate / bicarbonate, not the calcium.

As new cold water with dissolved calcium carbonate / bicarbonate is added and heated, CO < sub > 2 </ sub > gas is removed, carbonate concentration increases, and more calcium carbonate precipitates.

** Creatinine, urea / blood urea nitrogen, sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, calcium, magnesium, phosphate